The Foolproof Common Argumentative Essay Topics Strategy

The Foolproof Common Argumentative Essay Topics Strategy What to Do About Common Argumentative Essay Topics Before It Is Too Late American football is far better than topic. During the research students may also find it useful to categorise a variety of topics into relevant subcategories like recycling, dieting, health, food technology, science and the surroundings. The procedure for grading student papers can be a really boring one. College is the area where knowledge produces new suggestions and encourage their development. The absolute most assigned tasks in your career will be essays since they are a portion of each academic course for a number of subjects. The subject of your assignment decides much about your general research and project so you have to be quite careful when choosing one. Your professor or client reads lots of essays and a great majority are written by men and women who like to play it safe. At times it can be hard to know just where to start, which is why it's important to reach out for assistance from an essay writing service, peer or mentor to be sure you've got a good foundation of supporting facts. A Secret Weapon for Common Argumentative Essay Topics Strategies for writing book reports on books you haven't even read. Smoking in public places needs to be banned. Popular topics are less difficult to write about since there are lots of sources to back up your statement, but from a reader's point of view, a favorite essay topic isn't exactly helpful. The above-mentioned topic choice may give you a very clear understanding of what things to write about. Well, it would certainly ask that you write on a topic that seems like you will need to encourage your readers. In instances when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. Sometimes 1 topic may lead to the next. Your real audience might become your professor, which is the reason why it is crucial to write well and proofread your essay. You want to not just guess what people wish to read about, but in addition select a topic that matches the particular format of the essay. Figure out how funny argumentative essay topics can receive the interest of your tutor. Argumentative essay examples are the best method to approach your essay. If you do hire an essay writing service to assist you begin, make certain to locate a top-quality essay writing service that checks each of the boxes above before purchasing an essay and you ought to be all set! You're able to buy argumentative essay from a specialist writer. Why free speech needs to be abolished. There are lots of custom writing services like writing elites convert words to pages that may help you design a perfect script. After an order is placed, the rules and example may be uploaded for the writer to have a look at, and any other materials you would like to provide. In most instances, your professor or client gives a specific topic you have to go over throughout the paper. The Basics of Common Argumentative Essay Topics The conclusion portion of the essay is the most crucial. Instead, you could gi ve the reader a summary of the subject and briefly mention the points you mean to cover. The conclusion seals the comparison essay and attempts to close the matter. In other words, it should be unique and remain neutral. When the writer gets familiar with the topic they can piece together their findings which best represent the function of the paper. Quotes are necessary to support your position. Below you'll find specific instructions about how to compose a comparison essay on any topic, which is well written and are going to have superior opportunity to acquire a high grade. Common Argumentative Essay Topics Sum up the primary points and main arguments that you're going to support or refute. It is crucial to reinforce the key points in the conclusion sensibly. Anyway, in case you have to make a new type of essay, points may get an outstanding deal a good deal harder for you. Even with the popular myth, a decent argumentative essay is more than simply hoping to show your point with a couple arguments. If you are feeling unsure at any stage, you should choose inexpensive essay writing services readily available online instead of risking for any error. Gather as much information as you are a ble to. In addition, professional guidance is simple to access. Should you need some help, don't be afraid to use the assistance of professional academic writers. Unless you're sure of what you're attempting to achieve through your paper, you are unable to make a strong impression on others. Keep in mind you will also have to collect empirical research. Unfortunately, you're not likely to realize excellent grades with that sort of approach. For instance, you can write about something that personally affects you or somebody you know.

Social Reproduction A Woman s Duty - 1165 Words

Marie Merci Ishimwe WGS160Y March 18, 2016 Social reproduction Social reproduction refers to the continuous intergenerational physically and emotionally exhausting household labour that is needed to maintain life (Trotz, lecture, Jan 13, 2016). This kind of labour though is considered to be a woman’s duty. Since an economic activity happens where there is a market, social reproduction is not considered as one as it doesn’t have a visible market. Even though, it doesn’t have market value, domestic work greatly contribute to the economy (Waring, 2013). Since this work is done in homes and by women who are usually marginalized, it remains invisible and thus not considered for pay. This kind of work depends on the traditional division of labour in which women are seen as housewives while men, breadwinners. Thus, the gendering of social reproduction is a result of â€Å"doing gender,† where women’s abilities to be mothers are naturalized (Coltrane, 1989); in other words, women are made to fit into the simplistic â €Å"domestic = family = heterosexual woman = care and love† equation (Manalansan Martin, 2008, p.2), while any man who does the caring work in a family is feminized and considered a lesser man (Coltrane, 1989).Thus, a woman’s femininity depends on her motherhood while a man’s masculinity depends on â€Å"not doing mother’s work† (Coltrane, 1989, p.473). Despite the ever increasing number of women in paid work, paid work is still considered a secondary kind of work for women afterShow MoreRelatedMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagessense of bodily autonomy, it is difficult for individuals to establish their own emotional autonomy. Throughout history, this bodily autonomy has been impaired by sexual control and dominance. By painting dystopian societies that heavily restrict reproduction and sexuality, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, her poem A Woman’s Issue, and George Orwell’s 1984 all convey that sexual repression undermines individual identity and autonomy. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood uses her description ofRead MoreContraception And Reproduction Influenced Population896 Words   |  4 Pages Both contraception and reproduction influenced population in terms of sex, race and social class. Population control and the term family planning while the same in terms of limiting reproductivity in families are also completely worlds apart. Population control was brought about by eugenicists who felt the need to control what they termed as the â€Å"unfit† while family planning was more of a chosen path to limit reproductivity within one s family. As many women entered both the workplace andRead MoreBuddhism And The Buddhist Liberation Movement1107 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment and water, clothes, healthy food, simple housing, health care, communication facilities, energy education and access to cultural and spiritual resources. Modern Buddhist liberation movements are using there organizational efforts to reform social and political conditions as they offer and practice new spiritual advise. As war and genocide of ethnic hatred and caste violence, and of economic gap and dreadful conditions figure prominently in engaged Buddhist writings as these are the new focusRead MorePerpetua s Defiance Of The Young Christian Martyr1328 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth by converting to Christianity, yet she still showed ambivalence towards her role as a woman in the new community. This essay will analyze Perpetua s defiance of the gender expectations of both the Roman community and Christian church and the way Perpetua defined her own role as a woman in conflicting societies. In Perpetua’s time, the Roman culture had strict views on gender and the role of a woman in society. Early Roman society families had a patriarchal structure meaning the father wasRead MoreThe Fundamentals Of Ethics By Russ Shafer Landau885 Words   |  4 Pagesto sexually abuse their marital partner, and see it as right and just, only because they are married. Several religions think the same, they only believe this due to how they interpret it from the bible; saying anything to the effect that a married woman who does not have permission over her own body but her husband does, I am more than sure that their higher power was not insinuating that raping your spouse was okay. Another example of a problem with this is the machismo in Hispanic cultures. InRead MoreSocial Learning Theory And Cognitive Theories Of Learning1146 Words   |  5 PagesSocial learning theory dates back to the early 1960’s, which integrates behavioral and cognitive theories of learning. By integrating the two theories it helped to provide a comprehensive model of learning experiences that occurs in one’s life. The social theory heavily relies on the observation, also known as modeling behaviors. Modeling can be achieved in several different ways such as, a live model, which entails the watching an actual person behavior. Verbal instruction is another method ofRead MoreGender Roles Of Civic Duties And Raising Children1466 Words   |  6 Pagesroles of civic duties and raising children in her community because she was female. Perpetua defied the expectations placed upon her since birth by converting to Christianity and used the freedom of the Christian religion to sh ow her independence and create her own role as a woman. This essay will analyze Perpetua s defiance of the gender expectations of civic hood and motherhood of the Roman community, and how the Christian community allowed her to define her own identity as a woman on her own termsRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence By New Zealand1300 Words   |  6 PagesMy chosen issue is Intimate partner violence. One of New Zealand’s increasing issues is Intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is recognized as a major public health threat and a significant social issue. IPV is observed as one of the world’s most serious human rights concerns due to its widespread. As exemplified by New Zealand legislation the Domestic Violence Act 1995 considers IPV to constitute a category of family violence. According to the Act, IPV involves an individual committing violenceRead MoreThe Law Of Desire : Temporary Marriage1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i I ran The Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran is an anthropological study of temporary marriage (mut a) in the Shi i Muslim religion. According to Shahla Haeri s original first-hand study, mut a is an institution in which marriage, sexuality, morality, religious laws, cultural practices, and the relationships between the sexes converge. Haeri takes it upon herself to explain how permanent marriage and modern forms of adultery differ fromRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. 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Amendment vs. Patriot Act free essay sample

It is dangerous world when you’re not safe in your own home. Thieves and robbers are not the suspects anymore; instead it’s the authorities that take their place in terrorizing your mind and body. The policing authorities have been given a free pass to do as they please to put fear in the nation’s eyes. With the implementation of acts such as the Patriot Act, the due process to investigate an individual was taken out of the question. The right guaranteed by the constitution of America to have proper documentation and proof to investigate any wrong doing, is not practiced anymore. Every citizen has the right to have search and seizures regulated as to give proper checks and balances to the police. However that is not the case in the present United States. The Fourth Amendment in its drafted form, states â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. † It was drafted as a reaction to British general warrants, in which the British King gave free hand to British law enforcement official to search virtually any home they liked, at any time they preferred, for any reason or for no reason at all. This was an especially unpopular concept in the colonies. Now looking enactment of the Patriot Act, one should wonder, how is any different than what British king did to the US Colonies? It is agreed that the events of September 11th were a horrific travesty that shall live in our memories forever. They were attacks from an outside enemy; however the consequences have been put on the people of this nation. With the increased security in place, the government of this country implemented the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act, to put it simply allows the authorities to investigate and seize anything without proper permission and based on mere suspicion. It is a direct violation the 4th amendment of the constitution. Every citizen is given protection for their civil liberties under the Bill of Rights and number four on that list insures their safety in the confines of their property. Of course I understand that illegal activities have to be prevented as a safety measure to the public but proper investigation is needed to prove even if such actions exist. With the process to make the Patriot Act permanent, they might as well throw out the Bill of Rights. Now let us look at how the Patriot Act volatiles the 4 amendment. As per American Civil Liberties Union, below are some of the key cases: 1. The section 218 (Intelligence Searches) of Patriot Act expands a narrow exception to the Fourth Amendment that had been created for the collection of foreign intelligence information. The section 214 (Trap and trace searches) expands another Fourth Amendment exception for spying that collects addressing information about the origin and destination of communications, as opposed to the content. . The FBI now does not even have to show a reasonable suspicion that the records are related to criminal activity, much less the requirement for probable cause that is listed in the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. This violates the Fourth Amendment, which says the government cannot conduct a search without obtaining a warrant and showing probable cause to believe that the person has committed or will commit a crime. 4. For the longest time, the US government, by law was not allowed to go into citizens’ property without prior legal notice, and was required to show the legal notice before it executes a search. This principle has been identified as a part of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. 5. Unfortunately, the Patriot Act unconstitutionally amends the law to allow the government to conduct searches without notifying the citizens. What this means is that the governmental agencies can enter a house, apartment or office with a search warrant when the occupants are away, search through their property, take photographs, and in some cases even confiscate their property. . What is also interesting is that the Patriot Act allows the FBI to secretly conduct a physical search or wiretap on American citizens to obtain evidence of crime without providing probable cause, as the Fourth Amendment requires. 7. An alarming thing to note, as per ACLU, â€Å"Under the Patriot Act any Pen Register/ Trap Trace (PR/TT) orders issued by a judge are no longer valid only in that judges jurisdiction, but can be made valid anywhere in the United States. This ‘nationwide service’ further marginalizes the role of the judiciary, because a judge cannot meaningfully monitor the extent to which his or her order is being used. In addition, this provision authorizes the equivalent of a blank warrant: the court issues the order, and the law enforcement agent fills in the places to be searched. That is a direct violation of the Fourth Amendments explicit requirement that warrants be written particularly describing the place to be searched. Since its inception, United States of America has always been seen as the beacon of hope, freedom, and prosperity around the globe. The concept of equality, right to own property, right to free speech, and freedom to practice preferred religion was alien concepts in the pre-USA world. The establishment and guarantee of basic human rights has been for so long the appeal for people around the world; intellectuals, impoverished, suppressed, rich, businessmen, craftsmen, etc. to settle in US. This marvelous achievement, unparalleled in the history of mankind, has been deeply tarnished by the implementation of the Patriot Act which negates our some of key rights as guaranteed by 4th amendment. The Bill of Rights is the foundation of this country and if we learn anything from experience a structure can not stand without a strong foundation. This country, I fear is in amidst of becoming a policing nation just like the old Soviet Nation, where the police had the power to do as they wished. I hope the liberties this nation offered its people are not forgotten.

Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health Essay Example

Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health Paper This essay aims to discuss three kind of pollution in large cities affect human health. Air, water and land pollution. Main Body: Paragraph 1: TTS: The general air pollution such as particulate matter is what large cities cannot avoid neither and can lead to respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and even blindness. Air pollution is divided into outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Judiciary air pollutant(natural asthma in children @London environmental tobacco smoke(compared with village homes) Fail to confirm chemicals in biomass smoke (lung) cancer But cooking(may) lung cancer in women Paragraph 2: TTS: Recreational waters in large cities also have the risk of causing diseases. Recreational waters generally contain a mixture of pathogenic and non- pathogenic microorganisms(sewage effluents, livestock, industrial processes, farming activities, domestic animals and wildlife) and free-living pathogenic microorganisms. *infection of upper respiratory tract, ears, eyes, nasal cavity and skin. Paragraph 3: TTS: Land pollution contains Solid wastes and Toxic wastes which are the main cause of deadly disease. And this two wastes can also influence the quality of the water. (nutrient enrichment) Owing to the great growth of economy, the living level of people has risen and the population in large city is enlarged. This also means enormous stress for land using. People are exposed to relatively large amounts of pesticides, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals, with uncertain health effects. Conclusion: Air pollution, water pollution and land pollution effect human health though respiratory disease, skin disease and industrial processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Best AP Human Geography Review Books

The Best AP Human Geography Review Books SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If AP Human Geography is one of your first AP classes, you might be looking for some guidance on what you should study and how you should plan out your time. Even if you're not new to APs, it can be difficult to pin down what's important in this cross-disciplinary course. That's where review books come in handy. This guide will provide a list of the best AP Human Geography books for exam review and advice on how to choose one that fits your needs. What’s in This Guide? In this article, I'll go through the most useful review books for the AP Human Geography exam. Human Geography isa subject that can be a little difficult to grasp, and there are quite a few field-specific terms to memorize.This is also typically one of the first AP classes taken in high school. If that’s your situation, these books will provide much-needed insight into what the test is really like and how you can use smart strategies to earn the most points possible. I’ve categorized these books so that you can choose the one that works best for your personal learning style and time constraints. You'll also findpros, cons, and overall summaries for each of the AP Human Geography books so you can look at their specific qualities and make a more informed decision about which way you want to throw your hard-earned cash! Best Overall Review Book Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam (Princeton Review) Price: $11.39 Pros Two complete practice tests with answer explanations Practice questions accurately replicate the style and format of real exam questions Lists of key terms for each content chapter Great test-taking strategies Good explanations of geographic models Solid content review that covers everything you need to know for the test Cons Not in-depth enough to replicate the textbook content, but too in-depth to read in just a couple of nights Some students feel that the practice test questions are slightly easier than the real exam questions, especially the practice free-response questions No chapter-specific practice questions for topic review Summary This is a reliable review book if you have a month or two to study and are looking for good test-taking strategies.I’d recommend it for most students because of its relatable tone and easy-to-grasp explanations.Just make sure you continue to supplement with additional practice tests and questions from other sources! Best Long-Term Review Book Barron’s AP Human Geographyor Barron's AP Human Geography Plus CD Price: $9.55 by itself, $22.60 with CD Pros: Two full practice exams with answers and explanations in the book Two additional practice tests with automatic scoring and answer explanations if you get it with the CD (four full practice tests total!) Diagnostic test that includes a chart to help you map out your mistakes and see what you actually need to study Good survey of the different types of questions you’ll see on the test and the best way to solve each of them Does a good job of sticking to the content you need to know for the test Glossary of key terms after each chapter Cons: FRQs overestimate the difficulty of the actual exam questions a bit Practice multiple-choice questions are very heavy on basic vocabulary knowledge; there could be more questions that ask you to take your knowledge a bit further Dense with long paragraphs, harder to get through than Princeton Review Summary Overall, people have been happy with this book.Although Barron’s has a reputation for getting way too in-depth, I didn’t see as many complaints in that vein about this book.It covers all the key concepts and terms, and it doesn't go too far beyond the scope of the test.I’d recommend it if you have a few months before the test, and you don’t mind a somewhat drier style of writing.You might also consider getting theBarron’s AP Human Geography Flashcards (for the added price of $10.86) if you want an easy way to test yourself on all the terminology. Best Short-Term Review Book AP Human Geography Crash Course (REA) Price: $9.84 Pros Nice overview of all the geographic models you have to know for the exam Short and sweet review of all topics written in an accessible manner Smart, succinct advice on test-taking strategies Cons Only one practice exam, which isn’t included in the book itself (you have to go to the online REA Study Center - you’ll get an access code if you buy the book) Not enough information to use for self-study during the course itself Summary This is a great book for a quick reviewin the weeks before the test.It's the most directly exam-oriented book of all the options on this list, so it's a smart choice if you just want a straightforward, easy-to-digest guide to essential concepts. Supplemental AP Human GeographyBooks In this section, I'll list a couple more books that I wouldn't consider essential review materials but are still useful for additional practice. These books are not quite as high-quality as the first three. However, if you run out of practice tests or want to see the content presented in a slightly different way, you might consider adding one of them to your repertoire. Kaplan AP Human Geography Price: $14.56 Pros Two full-length practice tests plus a diagnostic test to assess your areas of weakness Strategies from actual AP teachers and students who got 5s on the exam Review questions at the end of each content chapter so you can test yourself topic by topic Easy-to-read format that’s not too wordy or too sparse on content Cons I don’t fully agree with the free-response advice (writing a conclusion for your free response answers on this exam? Not worth your time.) Practice questions are less challenging than the real test questions Summary This book is along the same lines as the Princeton Review and Barron’s, but it's not quite as good.You can use it for additional practice materials and piecemealreview of individual topics,but be wary of the fact that the questions are slightly easier than the ones you’ll see on the AP test. 5 Steps to a 5 AP Human Geography Price: $13.30 Pros Three study plans that you can choose from based on your schedule and learning style Three full practice exams Sets of review questions at the end of each content chapter Answer explanations that also include explanations of why the other choices are incorrect (lacking in a lot of other review books) Cons Sparse on test-taking tips Content review is not as thorough as it could be Summary This book has nice suggestions for planning out your prep schedule.However, you should supplement it with another, more comprehensive, review book to ensure that you’re revisiting all the content that might show up on the test. Which AP Human Geography Book Should You Get? This depends on how much time you have before the test and what your style of learning is like.I’d recommend getting one of the first three books to start. If you want a quick overview of the material to use as a little boost on top of your class notes and textbook (or if you only have a couple of weeks before the test), then go for Crash Course.If you want an in-depth, mostly standalone resource for longer term self-study, you should go for Barron’s.If you have a month or two before the test and are just looking for a standard solid review book, stick with Princeton Review.Then, if you feel you need more practice materials or would like to see the content presented slightly differently, you can think about buying one of the supplemental books! What's Next? Before you get to work earning points, you should know where they come from!Find out exactly how AP exams are scored. What will you get out of a high score on the AP exam? Read this article to learn how AP credit works at colleges. If you're still working on planning out the rest of your high school schedule, take a look at this article for some advice on which AP classes you should take in the upcoming years. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg Heuneburg refers to an Iron Age hillfort, an elite residence (called Fà ¼rstensitz or princely residence) located on a steep hill overlooking the Danube River in southern Germany. The site includes an area of 3.3 hectares (~8 acres) within its fortifications; and, according to the latest research, at least 100 ha (~247 ac) of additional and separately fortified settlement surrounds the hill. Based on this latest research, Heuneburg, and its surrounding community  was an important and early urban center, one of the first north of the Alps. Alternate Spellings: Heuneberg Common Misspellings: Heuenburg History of Heuneburg Stratigraphic excavation at Heuneburg hillfort identified eight main occupations and 23 construction phases, between the Middle Bronze Age and Medieval periods. The earliest settlement at the site occurred in the Middle Bronze Age, and Heuneburg was first fortified in the 16th century BC and again in the 13th century BC. It was abandoned during the Late Bronze Age. During the Hallstatt Early Iron Age period, ~600 BC, Heuneburg was reoccupied and extensively modified, with 14 identified structural phases and 10 phases of fortification. Iron Age construction at the hillfort includes a stone foundation about 3 meters (10 feet) wide and .5-1 m (1.5-3 ft) high. Atop the foundation was a wall of dried-mud (adobe) brick, reaching to about a total height of 4 m (~13 ft). The mud-brick wall suggested to scholars that at least some sort of interaction took place between the elites of Heueneburg and the Mediterranean, illustrated both by the adobe wallmud brick is strictly a Mediterranean invention and was not previously used in central Europeand the presence of approximately 40 Greek Attic sherds at the site, pottery produced some 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) away. About 500 BC, Heuneburg was rebuilt to match Celtic models of hillfort design, with a wooden wall protected by a stone wall. The site was burned and abandoned between 450 and 400 BC, and it remained unoccupied until ~AD 700. Reoccupation of the hilltop by a farmstead beginning AD 1323 caused extensive damage to the later Iron Age settlement. Structures in Heuneburg Houses within the fortification walls of Heuneburg were rectangular timber-framed structures built close together. During the Iron Age, the mudbrick fortification wall was white-washed, making this prominent structure stand out even more: the wall was for both protection and display. Crenelated watchtowers were built and a covered walkway protected the sentries from inclement weather. This construction was fairly evidently built in imitation of classical Greek polis architecture. Cemeteries at Heuneburg during the Iron Age included 11 monumental mounds containing a rich array of grave goods. Workshops in Heuneburg held craftspeople who produced iron, worked bronze, made pottery and carved bone and antler. Also in evidence are craftspeople who processed luxury goods including lignite, amber, coral, gold, and jet. Outside Heuneburgs Walls Recent excavations concentrated on regions outside Heuneburg hillfort have revealed that beginning in the Early Iron Age, the outskirts of Heuneburg became quite dense. This settlement area included Late Hallstatt ditch fortifications dated from the first quarter of the sixth century BC, with a monumental stone gate. Iron Age terracing of the surrounding slopes provided a place for expansion of the settlement area, and by the first half of the sixth century BC, an area of some 100 acres was occupied by closely spaced farmsteads, enclosed by a series of rectangular palisades, housing an estimated population of about 5,000 inhabitants. The suburbs of Heuneburg also included several additional Hallstatt period hillforts, as well as production centers for pottery and artisanal wares such as fibulae and textiles. All of this led scholars back to the Greek historian Herodotus: a polis mentioned by Herodotus and located in the Danube valley ca 600 BC is called Pyrene; scholars have long connected Pyrene with Heuneberg, and the identified remains of such an established settlement with important production and distribution centers and a connection to the Mediterranean is strong support for that. Archaeological Investigations Heuneberg was first excavated in the 1870s  and sustained 25 years of excavations beginning in 1921. Excavations at Hohmichele mound were conducted in 1937-1938. Systematic excavations of the surrounding hilltop plateau were conducted from the 1950s to 1979. Studies since 1990, including field walking, intensive excavations, geomagnetic prospection, and high-resolution airborne LIDAR scans have concentrated on the outlying communities below the hillfort. Artifacts from the excavations are stored at the Heuneburg Museum, who operates a living village where visitors can see the reconstructed buildings. That web page contains information in English (and German, Italian and French) on the latest research. Sources Arafat, K and C Morgan. 1995 Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: Mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations. Chapter 7 in Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies. Edited by Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 108-135 Arnold, B. 2010. Eventful archaeology, the mudbrick wall, and the early Iron Age of southwest Germany. Chapter 6 in Eventful Archaeologies: New approaches to social transformation in the archaeological record, edited by Douglas J. Bolender. Albany: SUNY Press, p 100-114. Arnold B. 2002. A landscape of ancestors: the space and place of death in Iron Age West-Central Europe. In: Silverman H, and Small D, editors. The Space and Place of Death. Arlington: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. p 129-144. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2012. Heuneburg: First city north of the Alps. Current World Archaeology 55:28-34. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2013. Rethinking Early Iron Age urbanisation  in Central Europe: the Heuneburg site and its archaeological environment. Antiquity 87:473-487. Gersbach, Egon. 1996. Heuneburg. P. 275 in Brian Fagan (ed), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Maggetti M, and Galetti G. 1980. Composition of iron age fine ceramics from Chà ¢tillon-s-Glà ¢ne (Kt. Fribourg, Switzerland) and the Heuneburg (Kr. Sigmaringen, West Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 7(1):87-91. Schuppert C, and Dix A. 2009. Reconstructing Former Features of the Cultural Landscape Near Early Celtic Princely Seats in Southern Germany. Social Science Computer Review 27(3):420-436. Wells PS. 2008. Europe, Northern and Western: Iron Age. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1230-1240.

Financial Performance of Morrison Plc Assignment

Financial Performance of Morrison Plc - Assignment Example Return on equity (ROE) provides information regarding how much profit the company has been able to generate in regards to its equity. A high ROE is desirable. Return on assets (ROA) tells an investor how effective a company has been at producing profits from its assets. A high metric is the desired output. The debt to equity ratio measures how much debt a company has with regards to its total equity. A low ratio is a good sign. The current ratio compares the current debt a company has in regards to its current liabilities. The formula is current assets divided by current liabilities. A high ratio is a warning because it’s a sign that the firm is having liquidity problems. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. A positive working capital is the desired output. The quick acid ratio is calculated with the same formula as the current ratio except that in the numerator you must subtract prepaid expenses and inventory. The sales to asse t ratio represent how much revenue a company is generating in regards to its total assets. It is important to understand that in order to perform a complete analysis of the company’s performance utilizing ratio analysis the financial analyst must perform research to obtain information about the industry standard ratio performance. The results of the financial ratio analysis reflect that the performance of the company has declined between 2008 and 2009. The net margin, return on equity and return on assets metrics decreased in 2009. The current ratio went up by 4%. The company has liquidity problems evidence by its negative working capital for both 2008 and 2009. Based on the ratio analysis performed on Morrison Plc for the years 2008 and 2009 the researcher would not invest in the company. Prior to making giving this recommendation, the author would need to compare the 2009 ratio results with the industry standard.

Templeton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Templeton - Essay Example Since God is described as omnipotent and omniscient in most religions, then using science, He won’t be physically detected, measured, and studied. Shermer states that because of this, if we were to encounter such a being then it would be hard to distinguish it from an Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (ETI). Just like we have advanced in science and medicine, over the span of only half a century, then an ETI a few thousand centuries ahead of us would be able to create whole ecosystems and even universes (Templeton). According to Shermer, this is no different than what people might call God. If science were to discover a great being, then it would also be natural and limited by the laws of nature, not something omnipotent. That is why Shermer states that the belief of God can continue with science but the existence of God becomes obsolete. I think Shermer is right in saying that belief can coexist with science. However his views are a bit limiting towards God. Since God is viewed as omnipotent and omniscient then He can’t possibly be measured, detected, and contained, and just because science can’t calculate Him doesn’t mean that His existence becomes obsolete. Just like religions and beliefs, science also has its limitations and contradictions. For example, we can’t truly measure emotions like love and sorrow. However, just because they can’t be measured, doesn’t mean that only their belief is fine and their existence obsolete. Kenneth R. Miller does not believe that science makes God obsolete. According to Miller, science gives us more ways to appreciate and realize the vastness of God and His creation. God doesn’t have to be something that is in darkness and shadows. Why can’t He be the driving force of evolution, biology, and science? Miller states that God is real and instead of limiting Him to the remote regions of our

The Meaning of Human Existence Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Human Existence Essay In both the Metamorphosis and The Stranger the authors focus on the irrationality of the universe and explore the insignificance of human life. Both of the novels main characters, Gregor (from the Metamorphosis) and Meursault (from The Stranger) live lives of silent desperation. In the Metamorphosis Franz Kafka introduces us to Gregor, an ordinary young business man supporting his unappreciative family. The startling element to this novel is that Gregor has just turned into a beetle. The Stranger by Albert Camus tells a story of a very physically different character, named Meursault, yet both books convey similar messages. Gregor and Meursault start out unaware of their circumstances however throughout each of the novels they become more aware and learn to accept their fate. The Metamorphosis begins where your typical story is at its climax; we have no idea how or why Gregor has made this physical transformation to a beetle. This is the principal expression of the irrationality that exists in the novel. Gregor resists this situation for which he has had no control over nor can he change. It is an unfortunate irony that Gregor cannot accept the fact that he is no longer a human, this is seen on page five when he says, In fact, Gregor felt fine, with the exception of his drowsiness, which was really unnecessary after sleeping so late How can this man wake up one morning, look into the mirror and see a giant bug staring back at him, and then carry on with his day as usual? This brings up a serious issue; Gregor wakes up and his only thought is of getting to work, there is nothing that is going to stop him from getting there, even waking up as a giant vermin. Throughout the novel Kafka presents us with a man obsessed with his profession, in search of his parents approval, jus t as many of us live day in and day out. Meursault does not face the same physical obstacles as Gregor but is similar in that he possesses neither rational thought nor lives in a rational world. He exists solely as a physical being, there is no thought or emotions put into his choices. When Meursault is hungry he eats, when he is tired he sleeps, when he needs a woman he goes to his girlfriend. This desire for physical relief is presented multiple times throughout the novel: I ate almost everything. She left at one oclock and I slept awhile. (Page 36) Meursault does not display any emotion or rationale; he doesnt stop question anything, just accepts life as it is and carries on. Meursaults predicament stems from his choice to shoot and kill an Algerian man. During his trial the prosecuting attorney questions Meursaults morality because he did not grieve appropriately for his mothers death. When he faces the attorneys interrogation he answers each question telling the truth and doesnt try to skew things. Meursault didnt mean to maliciously go out and kill the Arab man, he simply allows himself to fall into these immoral situations because of his lack of thought and consideration. The attorney is playing his game and attempts to fabricate a rational reason for his behavior, but in reality Meursault was simply irrational. Camus uses this situation to comment on the way that we try to rationalize every situation that we are faced with, but sometimes things happen without a reason. Camus takes a perspective similar to the scientific viewpoint, that as humans we do not know anything for certain except that we will die. We are born, live out our lives, repopulate and then die to be forgotten forever, but I dont think that this is how Kafka feels we are meant to function. In his novel family has more of a presence, Gregors family does not love him because of his character, but rather because he provides them with a comfortable lifestyle. He lives the busy working mans life because he has to if he is to receive any respect from his family. As humans we need to be loved and as the provider of his family this is the closest that Gregor gets. Gregor feels the responsibilities of being concerned for everyone but himself which is shown by this quote, So, to spare her even (his) sight, one day he carried the sheet on his back to the couch and arranged it in such a way that he was now completely covered up. He is willing to cover himself up so as that he doesnt upset his mother with h is appearance. There is something very wrong with this scenario; Kafka uses this extreme example not to tell us how to live our lives, but to simply show us that this is how we should not live. Family plays a very different role in Camus novel. All of Meursaults family is gone; his mother has just died so her expectations of him are non- existent. Albert Camus uses his mother, Maman, as a tool to tell us of the lack of importance that human life has. On page three Meursault says, Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. His mother was elderly, and he decided to place her in a retirement home because she had become an inconvenience to him; she had stopped talking not to mention the trouble of getting (her) to the bus, buying tickets, and spending two hours travelling. (Page 5) To Meursault there is no one person that he truly cares for besides himself, he even feels indifferent towards his girlfriend. Camus uses. Meursault symbolizes everyone in todays world, and uses this situation as a way of commenting on how our life is. Again, just as Kafka, Camus is not attempting to tell us that our lives are meaningless, but that this is how we are treating ourselves. We ne ed to make a cha nge to recognize that human existence is of greater importance than we give it credit. As both of the novels move along Gregor and Meursault slowly decay until their death. Both characters make a transformation or come to a realization. As the novel progresses Gregor moves away from his human tendencies and becomes more and more insect like, accepting and even embracing his insect qualities. The symbols for this are the references to his head, for example on page 22 He could not raise his head anymore. It is at this point that we can tell that Gregor has lost some kind of connection to humanity. This representation is repeated multiple times throughout the novel, each time the situation Gregor less and less resembles a human until he finally dies and is swept out with the trash. Meursault too comes to accept his situation and his fate as he awaits his execution with no optimism, yet content and at peace with himself because he is no longer a stranger. Our lives are indeed meaningless to a certain degree, we are on earth to perform our function and then die. Even the most distinguished of our generation will one day be forgotten as just another person trying to make their mark on the world, so why do we live our lives in search of control and the ability to make rational decisions. We live in an irrational world where the only thing we know for sure is that we will one day die. This was not quite what every person expects to hear as an answer to the meaning in life, but life becomes meaningful only because we perceive it to have a purpose. Reflect on your own life. Do not live from moment to moment without questioning who you are as it is better to live forty years of knowing who you are and what you are doing with your life than live 100 years without a thought of anyone else, because life is only what we make of it.

Create a Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technology Technological Essays

Create a Writing Technology I never thought about writing something down with a pen on plain lined paper involved technology. It always seemed to me that those things were around, pen and paper had just been there, for one reason or another for the purpose of writing down things, organizing ideas, or just jotting down notes. Much like Ong says, â€Å"The fact that we do not commonly feel the influence of writing on our thoughts shows that we have interiorized the technology of writing so deeply that without tremendous effort we cannot separate it from ourselves or even recognize its presence and influence. (Tribble and Trubek, 316-317) Creating a writing technology is something that takes a lot of thought. The process, materials, words written down, and the purpose of writing things down although common to modern society, was something that proved daunting to create. When I was assigned to create my own writing technology I thought, â€Å"that’s going to be easy.† It was not easy. When conflicted with this assignment, the first thing I had to think about was â€Å"what am I going to write with?† I decided after what seemed like hours of brainstorm, to settle on a stick for a writing utensil. Next came ink. I first debated on creating my own ink, for this I would have to use things like books, or the Internet. Since books or use of the Internet were not in the spirit of the assignment, I used something else. I had to think what would stick to a surface and create enough of a contrast that someone would be able to read it. I came up with the idea of using some sort of fresh fruit. Frozen fruit, although cheaper, probably wouldn’t have worked well. Blueberries, as expensive as they were, seemed to be the best solution. I mashed the blueberries into a little dish, and then began to write. But then I realized I had nothing to write on. Making paper would have been hard. I can’t write on the ground, cause it wouldn’t be as permanent or portable. I found some bark from firewood that my dad had cut up. I grabbed the biggest chunk and began to write using my own creation.

GSP

Previous report have shown that following an SE, reactive astrocytes become hypertrophic (increasing the expression of intermediate filament proteins), and develop longer and thicker processes (Robel et al., 2015), In this study, astrocytic reaction observed in the GSP or DZP treated CSE is moderate (Plate 4.13.5b), due to the fairly stabled morphology. This could probably be linked to a reduced excitotoxicity or attenuated ROS by GSP or DZP within the hippocampus attributable to GSP treatment especially. It therefore becomes a suggestive evidence from this study that astrocytic reaction in CSE treated with either GSP or DZP is an adaptive type of astriogliosis (a defensive reaction aiming to restore homeostasis). The functional and morphologic changes astrocytes undergo in the GSP or DZP brain and during CSE may have a dual nature based on the underlying pathophysiological characteristics. On the one hand, reactive astrogliosis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following damage to the nervous system and lead to the reduction in excitability (Vargas-SÃ ¡nchez et al., 2018). In this study, there was intensification of astrocytic proliferative in the CSE + NS at 7th day post CSE. This is in consonant with the findings of Gibbons et al. (2013) that in early stages of SE there is no marked intensification in astrocytic proliferation, while at later stages, there is a rapid increase in the number of astrocytes. Although astrocytes have the capacity to proliferate just after an SE, the reported small number of new cells suggest that in models of SE reactive astrocytes are comprised mainly of the resident astrocytes present before the insult (Gibbons et al., 2013). Conclusion The major consequential effects of CSE is on higher order behaviour, most especially on indices of learning and memory which is mainly controlled by the hippocampus. These effects of CSE stemmed from reduction in percentage body weight gain, attenuation in the relative hippocampal weight to the brain, decreased spatial and object recognition memory. However, memory impairment observed in this study was attributed to alteration in the cholinergic neurotransmitters, increased excitotoxicity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance which led to exacerbation of oxidative stress of the hippocampus, hippocampal atrophy and necrosis, astriogliosis, and generation of abnormal granule cells in the hillus of the dentate gyrus, All these dysfunction were significantly attenuated by GSP treatment, the effect that was better tolerated than that of a conventional anticonvulsant drug- DZP. It is therefore concluded that GSP can be used is a better agent in the treatment of CSE due to its attenuation in memory impairment and insignificant adverse effects. Recommendation The principal goal of CSE treatment is the termination of seizure with little or no attendant on-toward side effects. It is evident from this study that apart from the fact that GSP (20 mg/kg or 10mg/kg) attenuated hippocampal excitotoxicity and astriogliosis following CSE, it also posed no significant side effects on the indices of learning and memory. This study therefore recommends further experimental research on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities of GSP.

Current Issues In Management And Education Education Essay

Nelson Mandela famously quoted ; Education is the most powerful weapon you can utilize to alter the universe Walsh, 1996. Mandela meant instruction in a wide sense ; its non thought to be gained entirely from reading or sitting in schoolrooms and can non be half-heartedly undertaken. Basically, it ‘s associated with life and development, determining the hereafter to bring forth a righteous, democratic society ( Walsh, 1996 ) . This assignment aims to research the development of university instruction and foreground how current economic and political climes have affected the higher instruction experience. John Stuart Mill, a philosopher dating back to the 1800s, suggested that higher instruction was to be provided as a ‘public good ‘ to profit the whole community with societal facets being undeniably of greater importance than a high winging calling ( Phippen, 2012 ) . Gratuitous to state, the educational system has drastically changed in modern society. Today there is an outlook that immature people will derive a grade, whereas in the past grades were n't as to a great extent sought after. Changes within the non-market facet of society viz. , societal, political and legal factors, such as technological progresss and alteration in authorities, are a conducive factor to the educational system alterations ( Phippen, 2012 ) . Liberalism is thought to be replacing public good with the construct of ‘individual duty ‘ which has been argued in pattern to supply superior cumulative public good ( Phippen, 2012 ) . Liberalism was chiefly identified through the Hagiographas of Adam Smith ( 1776 ) which eradicated authorities engagement in economic affairs and hence promoted ‘free trade ‘ ( Martinez and Garcia, n.d. ) . The policy of free trade induces the argument as to whether the populace and authorities should lend to the support of universities if the result is entirely personal addition for the pupil in footings of possible greater occupation chances, with the public non having the return on investing they expect ( Phippen, 2012 ) . Neoliberalism, ‘New Liberalism ‘ , has been revived over the last 25 old ages with the rapid globalisation of the capitalist economic system, switching control from the populace sector to the private sector with strong support from administrations such as the IMF and World Bank ( Martinez and Garcia, n.d. ) . Neoliberalism policies can be clearly observed in today ‘s society with marks that the affluent grow wealthier and the hapless grow progressively poorer, foregrounding morality issues such as equality ( Martinez and Garcia, n.d. ) ( Phippen, 2012 ) . With the present addition in university fees in England there is a strong possibility that, in the hereafter, merely those coming from affluent backgrounds will be able to afford higher instruction. The ‘University ‘ stigma has changed quickly and is continually developing in footings of organizational construction, nucleus rules and aims ( Scott, 2012 ) . Increasingly, universities are get downing to see themselves as corporate administrations with corporate values ; promoting systematic direction attacks ( Scott, 2012 ) . This alteration in bottom line construction could better establishment ‘s fundss and operations, supplying a â€Å" stronger focal point on high quality instruction † ( David Willets cited by Coughlan, 2010 ) . On the other manus, due to increasing answerability force per unit areas and the tenseness between intrinsic liberty and the changed nature of modern university, ‘critical question ‘ and ‘academic freedom ‘ could be removed from the modern educational construction ( Scott, 2012 ) . Higher instruction is progressively going one of the most extremely debated subjects within today ‘s alliance authorities ( Key Note, 2011 ) . Policies late implemented have cut educational grants for farther survey establishments in England in an effort to help economic recovery ( Key Note, 2011 ) . This abjuration of support has placed the ?9000 a twelvemonth fiscal load entirely on the pupil, enabling universities to replace a big portion of lost province support ( Coughlan, 2010 ) . He reports that in bend, pupils will progressively demand to be treated as valued clients in footings of the quality they receive. There is great national and so international involvement in the quickly altering educational construction due to the increasing figure of pupils from abroad seeking instruction in England ( Key note, 2011 ) . Controversially, the Welsh authorities has absorbed these fee additions for Welsh pupils prolonging the mix of public and private support ( BBC News, 2011 ) and in an utmost contrast, Scottish and EU pupils presently have no fees to pay at all if staying in their several state ( BBC News, 2012 ) . International pupils analyzing in the UK and other foreign establishments have an influential presence in the higher instruction system both financially and economically ( Richards, 2012 ) . With progressively more UK alumnuss seeking employment abroad, competition to pull the biggest encephalons has become an built-in portion of university selling ( Richards, 2012 ) . Mazzarol and Soutar ( 2002 ) claim that international pupils are confronting what ‘s been suggested as a push pull theoretical account. They say that through cultural attitudes in India and Asia, instruction is seen to be a manner of raising economic and societal position which is thought to ‘push ‘ pupils to analyze abroad in more educationally accessible states. The pull factor comes from planetary competition between host states and more narrowly institutional competition in footings of their selling attack to pull foreign pupils ( Mazzarol and Soutar, 2002 ) . With the UK being seen as a diverse, tolerant society and international pupils wanting more cognition of western civilizations, authorities engagement is indispensable to guarantee that educational quality is maintained ( Kelly, 2011 ) . Million+ ( 2013 ) province that international pupils contribute ?4.2bn to the UK economic system each twelvemonth ; loss of this gross could hold damaging effects on society. Frequently throughout instruction, pupils are told that deriving a grade will take to a good occupation ( Mckay, 2012 ) . The Mail online ( 2011 ) has stated that progressively universities are implementing ‘Mickey Mouse ‘ grades which do non hold significant bearing in the alliance market. Staffordshire University has been reported to offer David Beckham surveies taking to arguments proposing that the deficiency of social part of such classs, including cinematics, picture taking and media surveies, should non be aided by authorities support and public revenue enhancement ( Mail Online, 2011 ) . The statement advocates that an apprenticeship which enhances practical accomplishments would be of greater benefit. To advance economic recovery, today ‘s alliance authorities seek to supply 400,000 apprenticeship occupations by 2014-15, an addition from 2011 ‘s 279,900 chances ( Mail Online, 2011 ) . The justification of this alternate option has been highlighted thr ough ‘real-life ‘ success illustrations such as Richard Branson, who acquired merely one O-Level ( Mail Online, 2011 ) . With university operations and the support of higher instruction being at the head of media and political attending late, inquiries are raised sing whether the addition in fees match possible additions in order to do university a worthwhile investing. Alumnuss are happening it progressively hard to acquire onto the 'employment ladder ‘ and figures show that more than half of new university pupils will still be paying off debts into their 50 ‘s ( The Telegraph, 2012 ) . Interestingly, HEPI ( Higher Education Policy Institute ) have forecasted that the current ?9000 fees are non sustainable and will finally coerce the higher instruction system to go a polarised sector ( Sellgren, 2011 ) . The article forecasts that entire pupil figures will diminish by at least 8 % each twelvemonth, with Million + ( 2013 ) describing the unwanted deductions of this lessening on the British economic system. The exchequer additions ?94k per alumnus and moreover alumnuss can theoretically command higher rewards which would increase revenue enhancement gross to the treasury, making long term social benefits ( Million + , 2013 ) . Groves ( 2012 ) stated that the National Union of Students has attributed the proliferation of increasing pupil self-destructions to fiscal force per unit areas. Since the start of the recession in 2007, Male self-destructions have increased by 36 % and females about double ( Groves, 2012 ) . This has led to a great demand for an addition in the support of pupils and so alumnuss seeking for occupations ( Groves, 2012 ) . Academic force per unit areas and declining occupation chances are besides thought to be a conducive factor and a recent BMJ survey connected lower employment degrees to higher self-destruction rates ( Groves, 2012 ) . But hope could be on the skyline. BBC News ( 2012 ) have announced that unemployment rates have decreased by 49,000 from September to November 2012 with the ONS claiming that the bulk of this was due to the diminution in ‘youth ‘ unemployment which could be the start of positive chances for alumnuss. This mark of possible economic recovery could be disputed as the lessening has been attributed to more people accepting portion clip work, with record Numberss making so as they are unable to happen full clip work ( BBC News, 2012 ) . Increasingly more and more alumnuss are seeking employment in a more favorable environment overseas ( Daily Mail, 2011 ) . Some say that the UK are neglecting its alumnuss in the sense of keeping after it emerged that about two tierces were unable to happen degree degree employment upon graduating ( Daily Mail, 2011 ) . This thrust in alumnuss prosecuting calling aspirations overseas could foster increase Britain ‘s economic jobs ( Daily Mail, 2011 ) . With limited Numberss of chances within the current economic system employers are get downing to look for more than merely a grade ( Daily Mail, 2011 ) . Experience within the concern universe is going a necessity for employers, taking to the development of unpaid internships ( Page, 2012 ) . Unpaid internships, a cost film editing mechanism for administrations, cut down the figure of paid occupations available to alumnuss. In footings of employment moralss this has become a really diverse topic. Implementing a prohibition on thi s legitimate unethical act is highly hard with pupils ‘ progressively needing experience to derive a bridgehead onto the calling ladder ( Page, 2013 ) . An statement being, people who do non go to university and travel directly into work have at least 3 old ages more experience in the working universe than a alumnus which could do them more favorable in society ( Mckay, 2012 ) . Stating this, there are besides many positives associated with set abouting farther instruction which have been overlooked late as focal point has been on fees instead than advancing value. Higher instruction should be measured utilizing other dimensions than chiefly interlingual rendition into net incomes for illustration, occupation satisfaction and public good. A individual who has n't achieved a degree degree making could be running a successful concern but may non see the same degree of occupation satisfaction as person gaining less, with a grade and debts such as a Nurse whose function in society is critical and displays the prototype of ‘public good ‘ . Iqbal ( 2013 ) suggests intrinsic values and intangible benefits must be taken into consideration as accomplishments developing may non be the most significant component of higher instruction. Developing as a individual and deriving movable accomplishments such as a wide head set could see the alumnus going more wel l-thought-of in society through cognition of independency and adulthood ( Iqbal, 2013 ) . Parraudin ( 2011 ) claims that it is a shame that university has become a trade good and focal point has been on cost when for most, the experience as a whole is an embracing life chance. It enables the pupil to gain aspirations, develop the degree of adulthood needed to boom in the workplace and could set the alumnus in an enhanced place to a non-graduate when sing social benefit ( Parraudin, 2011 ) . Another statement in favor of alumnuss come ining the workplace is the increased demand and aspiration to be a portion of a socially responsible corporation which has today go a precedence for administrations ( Rao and Raj, 2011 ) . Graduates choosing to take an employer based on their socially responsible behavior can merely be seen to hold a positive impact on both the concern environment in footings of moralss and so in the planetary economic system itself. Corporate Social Responsibility is critical for corporate citizenship to turn to affairs such as utilitarianism, liberty and rights ( Phippen, 2012 ) . Non-Conformists to ethical imposts, for illustration, the revenue enhancement argument environing Starbucks, Google and Amazon has led to the reception of a batch of negative media attending. Milton Friedman, market economic expert, stated that carry oning corporate duty can so let a concern to â€Å" do as much money as possible while conforming to the basic regulations of soc iety, .. both law.. and ethical usage † ( Halbert and Ingulli, 2012 ) . The force per unit areas implemented by alumnuss for administrations to conform will progressively help sustainable development in the hereafter ( Rao and Raj, 2011 ) . In footings of society part within direction and concern development, alumnuss and the younger coevals progressively have the border claim NYDA ( 2013 ) . This is positively highlighted in the patterned advance of the cyberspace civilization which is germinating at an exponential rate with the younger coevals accommodating and encompassing technological promotions at a much greater velocity than that of their seniors ( Nickson, 2013 ) . With more concerns turning to this medium non merely to pass on with clients but besides to run day-to-day operations and better internal efficiency, the alumnuss ‘ ability to come on aboard technological promotion with easiness should n't be overlooked. Coevalss are progressively going separated through the technological ‘generation spread ‘ ( Fariwu, 2010 ) , stressing the necessity for the alumnus in future economic growing and in supplying corporations with a much needed sustainable competitory advantage. This assignment has been greatly good in finding my single beliefs on higher instruction and has clarified what I believe is mine and other alumnuss ‘ societal place. A direction instruction does non restrict future calling possibilities in comparing to a vocational grade. This could be seen as good due to geting a wide cognition of the concern industry as a whole, an ideal property for concerns today as all sections need to be cohesive to make a sustainable hereafter. As Napoleon Hill ( 2007 ) one time proclaimed, the â€Å" starting point of accomplishment is desire † . To be successful in concern and direction the campaigner needs to be adaptable to alter, which is obviously seeable above through the younger coevalss conformity towards technological promotions. These are traits that are developed throughout childhood and are so enhanced through a university instruction. Gratuitous to state, some of the most successful business communities and adult females have non obtained a university grade which suggests that direction and associated callings do non entirely get down in university but natural traits of leading can besides predominate. I have assurance in aerating my beliefs that A-level pupils should hold all available calling options reinforced in an impartial manner. Through my ain educational development, the merely ‘successful ‘ option highlighted to me was farther instruction. Other options such as college, apprenticeships and working your manner up a company were suggested in a blase manor with the negatives 2nd to none outweighing any positives. Questions have been raised by myself and others associating to the issue of whether 17 is excessively immature to make up one's mind upon a future calling. Personally, I was diffident what I wanted and after set abouting legion work experiences, and non happening my niche I was stuck in a rut. Finally I gained a corporate work experience arrangement at Brains Beer brewery which showed me that a wide sector grade such as concern would non contract future chances, enabling more clip to make up one's mind upon my calling aspirations. Another sentiment I put to you is that possibly after secondary instruction all pupils should take a spread twelvemonth. I feel it would coerce immature grownups to farther mature and whether they work or travel it could give them a better word picture of what they want to carry through. I besides feel a interruption from instruction and tests could be of utmost value as I experienced last twelvemonth during my placement occupation. The interruption has reignited my motive to analyze antecedently I had undertaken tests for 7 back-to-back old ages. From talking to others sing the capable affair, a subject has emerged where the bulk are against the fee addition with a peculiar statement that stood out of why should we back up a authorities who wo n't back up the young person of today? The function of university is thought to make â€Å" capable and cultivated human existences † ( . It aims to develop assurance, supply cognition and a skilled work force. University is thought to be an investing, in footings of long term fiscal addition and so societal addition. Today I feel university is really much about personal addition instead than what the pupil can convey to society. I accept there is, in a manner, a valid statement for public and authorities support non to be maintained if every bit forecasted, it will so assist assistance economic recovery. Stating this, surveies have been released claiming it wo n't in fact assistance recovery as fewer pupils, a bead of 30,000, will really be the UK ?6.6bn ( Coughlan, 2013 ) . Initially when make up one's minding to ship on a university instruction, my ultimate purpose was to heighten calling chances, but the experience as a whole has provided much more than expected. My confidence has grown enormously and the differences I can are personally are extended. Meeting dissimilar people and socializing with different civilizations has provided a societal benefit I did non anticipate. Other unexpected values that have been enhanced are ; independency, life accomplishments, apprehension of the professionalism, the ability to work expeditiously in groups and get the better ofing issues which can all be usefully applied to the existent universe. I agree that experience is an of import necessity that should be incorporated into farther instruction. Not merely are employers progressively looking for more than merely a making, it can be of extreme benefit to the pupil every bit good. It gave me the assurance to cognize that I can boom in a concern environment and allowed me to set the learnt theory into pattern. The twelvemonth in industry provides a pupil with the realization of concern highs and depressions and provides a more soft passage into the on the job universe. From grounds antecedently highlighted, I am now ashamed to state that I succumbed to the force per unit areas of deriving work experience and embarked on a twelvemonth long unpaid internship as portion of my 4 twelvemonth grade class. I found my ideal occupation, ‘Marketing and Communications Assistant ‘ for Cardiff Blues Rugby squad, with one ruin: it was unpaid. Through deliberation of the options available to me and sing the attempt I had put into seeking an undergraduate arrangement, it was an chance I did non desire to turn down. I felt a twelvemonth working, unpaid, in an industry of involvement could be of long term benefit. It did non happen to me that through Cardiff Blues offering unpaid internships, it in fact reduces the figure of available paid alumnus chances. I gained a batch from the under-graduate arrangement. I worked a lower limit of 40 hours a hebdomad and when there was a rugby lucifer this rose to 45-50 hours a hebdomad. Fortunately I had some fundss behind me as a support system but it was n't plenty for me to populate on so I undertook another occupation working in meetings and events for a corporate hotel concatenation. This proved to be tough as many yearss I would work 17 hours with the record being 90 hours ‘ in one hebdomad! This showed me how tough the on the job universe can be but furthered my cognition on how different industries operate. I hope it was a forfeit that will be good in the long tally. I believe this chance puts me in a strong place as a alumnus when looking for work due to the experience received every bit good as demoing versatility. I besides ran the 2012 London Marathon and raised ?2500 for Children with Cancer which was a great accomplishment and shows dedication as I was working up to 80 hours a hebdomad every bit good as preparation and fundraising for this. Charity work will so play in my favor as part to society when seeking alumnus employment. Once my arrangement occupation had drawn to an terminal ( and after months of salvaging every penny ) I went going for three months before returning to university to finish my concluding twelvemonth. The experience was unforgettable and so larning about other civilizations opened my head further to future possibilities. Traveling, in my sentiment, is the most independent thing one can make, larning so much about yourself and the duty can undeniably develop your character. Reflecting upon the recent fee additions and looking at personal fundss, as a Welsh pupil a much more financially stable option for me would hold been to remain in Wales to go on my surveies due to the support I would hold received from the Welsh authorities. At the clip I was inexorable that I wanted to travel from Wales as the ‘grass is ever greener ‘ but have since realised this is non the instance. For pupils now contemplating university, I think Cambrian pupils and so Scots pupils should stay analyzing in their several states if possible. Upon graduation my aspirations are to derive employment back in Wales. Since traveling, a long term aspiration will be to hopefully migrate to New Zealand where I can develop my direction accomplishments in a differing civilization and possibly even get down up my ain concern if fundss become accessible. Without the higher instruction experience I do n't believe that I would of all time hold acquired the bravery or self-belief to do such a drastic move but university has provided me with this independency. A survey in the South Wales Echo ( 2013 ) revealed that alumnuss will hold a much more hard clip happening employment in Wales than anyplace else in the UK. They reported that merely 42 % of major Welsh employers offer entry degree vacancies, when comparing that to 84 % in London it puts a instead black mentality onto the likeliness of deriving employment in Wales. Especially for me now, happening a occupation will be of great concern. I feel a 4 twelvemonth class has been long and financially I am presently in a worse place than many of my friends who did non take farther instruction. I am dawdling buttocks socially as many of them now have their ain place with their spouses, a full clip occupation and are get downing to settle down and hold a household. I hope that by the terminal of my journey this quotation mark below will be one of truth ; â€Å" I ‘m non stating you it ‘s traveling to be easy, I ‘m stating you it ‘s traveling to be deserving it † ( Goodreads, 2013 ) In decision, there have been statements both for and against the higher instruction experience. On one manus, information sing the proliferation of pupil self-destructions have highlighted that doubtless fiscal force per unit areas are impacting pupils. The media late have focused on the negative impact of the increased higher educational fees which are obviously doing people to see alternate options, a move which could potentially be the economic system one million millions alternatively of aid economic recovery. In footings of feasibleness, it would look necessary for people to ship on higher instruction for vocational classs such as medical specialty and jurisprudence. Losing this expertness could badly impact Britain ‘s economic and political place. What has emerged is the subject that ‘mickey mouse ‘ classs such as those antecedently mentioned, may non in world be financially good in footings of calling additions and social part. Unpaid occupations are doing it progressively hard for alumnuss to derive a bridgehead onto the calling ladder. This pushes graduates overseas, whereas Britain should concentrate on maintaining its endowment for economic stableness. Alumnuss should n't be overlooked in the concern universe as the hereafter of Britain. Through stronger sustainability beliefs and fast acceptance to technological progresss alumnuss have the potency to maintain Britain in a planetary competitory place. Other values derived from the higher instruction experience have a greater impact on a individual that can non hold a pecuniary value placed on it but statistically alumnuss have an mean potency of gaining up to 27 % more than a individual geting merely A-levels ( Million + , 2013 ) . Overall, even with the economic downswing and the weighing up of both sides of the statement I feel that a university instruction is a good investing for both the participant and so the economic system. For the UK economic system to retrieve support demands to be given to pupils as the alumnus has the potency of increased net incomes and in bend society will have high gross in footings of revenue enhancement.

Analysis Of The Common Assessment Framework Social Work Essay Essay Example

Analysis Of The Common Assessment Framework Social Work Essay Essay Example Analysis Of The Common Assessment Framework Social Work Essay Essay Analysis Of The Common Assessment Framework Social Work Essay Essay The Common Assessment Framework is used by assorted professionals and bureaus to utilize one procedure of sharing information and integrate working on a immature individual ( revise re-word more info ) The CAF procedure is seen as a nucleus component in incorporate working and promotes more effectual usage of clip used to measure immature people, seen by many as a universal and impersonal system used by all bureaus. The CAF emerged from the 2003 Green Paper Every Child Matters which marked a policy of the integrating of practicians and services. ( Wise, C, Harrison, R, 2005 ) As undertaken the function of a young person worker I chose Candi ( my 16 twelvemonth old girl who lives with her female parent from a old matrimony ) as the immature individual I would wish to assist make full in the CAF signifier. In the instance of the appraisal undertaken for the assignment, it was explained to Candi the intent and result of the appraisal and she was non being officially assessed, and that the procedure was to critically measure the CAF and set out the faculty usher and shown to Candi, although unsure at first, Candi was happy to continue. I choose Candi as the campaigner because of the fact of the immature people who I pattern with are immature wrongdoers and because of their tribunal orders, they identities need to be guarded and a bulk of the immature people categorically refused to take portion. The inquiry is asked of what led to the appraisal of the immature individual which has to unclutter and an agreed statement by all involved and if any other bureaus that are involved with the immature individual including the immature individual and families/carers. Key countries of the CAF is to seek and prosecute the immature individual with households in the procedure and attempt and develop a better apprehension of the procedure and indentify the immature individual s needs at the earliest perceivable phase, nevertheless, with most bureaus and services, a bulk of households are loath and wary of sharing information particularly if individuals have been involved with any bureaus and services in the yesteryear. This reluctance is why the immature individual and household must hold the full apprehension of the whole procedure and the benefits so the preparation of the practician must be full and up-to-date ( revision ) nevertheless as a young person worker and measuring the immature individual, the practician has to maintain ain values and criterions apart if I m speaking to a peculiar individual, it is non a inquiry of seeking to take to my values, but frequently to seek show some different values ( Smith, M, 1994 ) Candi has neer been involved with any bureaus before or assessed officially by any services earlier, when asked how she would experience about being officially assessed she said she would experience scared and really nervous of the procedure and even with her female parent present she would be frightened to state the incorrect thing in instance of herself or parents into problem. If there is two or more services involved with the immature individual, a squad would be arranged around the kid meeting and so the lead professional would be identified, ( reword ) nevertheless there is a reluctance to go the lead practician in the CAF procedure as that practician becomes the bench grade for any farther action taken by future bureau s or professionals, the reluctance is out of fright of doing errors from the force per unit area of lead practician. ( revision ) Current household and place state of affairs While make fulling this subdivision, Candi felt diffident how to reply the inquiry and looked towards her female parent for blessing, before giving any personal inside informations about household. This subdivision can hard for the immature individual if under 16 and a parent or carer is present, before the appraisal is carried out, there are no inside informations of the present household state of affairs whether jobs are apparent or non, Candi lives as portion of a one parent household with her younger sister who is 11 old ages old and times can hard with looking after her while her female parent plant, nevertheless some immature kids come from broken places with assorted sum of troubles or life in kids s place, or with friends which merely can construct as the immature individual s anxiousness. Agency engagement with immature individual The appraisal procedure used when transporting out can be really daunting and really personal, nevertheless household or carer support is important throughout as personal and private information is obtain, plus information of any bureau engagement, physicians, wellness visitants, connections and any educational proviso and so-forth can to hard to determine at the clip of the appraisal with the immature individual. Candi found personal inside informations The procedure of the CAF attempts to see a Varity of ethical issues with over 30 replies to the inquiry of ethnicity which can be a personal and confounding inquiry to inquire to inquire a immature individual. So it is preferred to inquire the household or immature individual to self specify their ethnicity and no premises should be made by the practician. ( revision ) Development of the immature individual To seek and determine the development of the immature individual with worries/needs and strengths/resources a assortment of information ( revision ) affecting wellness, emotional and self regard with among others which can be hard to seek and roll up information about unless if in close contact through personal contact through different fortunes with a more impersonal ambiance to acquire to cognize the immature individual has a more trustful surrounding. Candi found this subdivision hard to explicate, particularly about her emotions. Candi did non understand why these inquiries needed to be asked and their intent. It was explained emotion demands are of import portion of a immature individual s development and any concerns or demands had to be ascertained in order to assist the immature individual and non ( revision ) A bulk of immature people when asked about the Common Assessment model and what the procedure was used for would be diffident unless the immature individual has been explained what the procedure can be used to seek better countries of life betterment ( revision ) and better personal development, nevertheless if explained how it may affect a kid protection or safeguarding processs if certain facets should originate during the assessment procedure, which could do concern to the immature individual, the immature individual could non be as forth-coming with personal information about household life in general, and particularly if the parent or carer is involved in the procedure. However, the whole procedure is for the positive aspiration public assistance of the immature individual. ( revision ) Parents and carers Information gathered in the subdivision entitled Parents and carers affecting information including basic attention, emotion warm and boundaries for illustration can be really personal to the immature individual and the parent/carer could interfere with any inquiry asked. As with most immature people, personal information including emotions can be rather difficult to unwrap particularly if the immature individual is sing life phases including pubescence and adolescence. ( revision ) Family and environmental Family and environmental maps including the wellbeing of the immature individual plus resources including instruction but fiscal consideration can a delicate capable nevertheless can give a valuable penetration to household affairs. Financial trouble can do an array of jobs which influence societal and personal development of the immature individual either by non inscribing into farther instruction or by dominance of parents/carers working unsociable and unpractical hours doing household break in the household place. ( revision ) Candi found this portion hard to make full in sing the relationship with ourselves and her female parent being there during the appraisal. I felt Candi did non reply the inquiries wholly candidly and to her fullest ( revision ) Well-being graduated table Well-being graduated table of the child/person by the assessor and the well-being graduated table 0-10 given by the parent/carer is besides used excessively which can see as a excess tool as a figure of different factors can act upon the graduated table nevertheless a general indicant by the parent/carer on their sentiment of the immature individual s well-being nevertheless it can neer give a true contemplation ( revision ) Improvement and reexamine Improvement and reappraisal which includes the positions of the parent/carer/young individual ( revision ) Young individual s ends Young individual s personal ends and general position of appraisal ( revision ) Practitioners ends Practitioner s ends and position of appraisal ( revision ) Decisions, solutions and actions Decisions, solutions and actions is the tabular array or a opportunity to indentify cardinal countries for alteration with recommended actions by the whom and estimated clip of action which should hold all those involved on the job towards the same docket and promote households to what is go oning as easier advancement is to be made. Specific ends are to be made either short or long term but still be specific in the reappraisal clip. The position and ideas of the immature individual should be apparent throughout the procedure and gaining control any remarks which are relevant and helpful, adolescence is hence seen, as young person workers, as a minute of oppugning a minute in which immature people reflect critically in their sense of ego, their beliefs and values ( Young, K, 1999 p.28 ) The CAF procedure can assist place demands at an early phase and assist instruction governments achieve better battle with immature individual and with school attending ; future academic aspiration and assist the immature individual better wellness and household relationships with siblings and parents/carers. Noted on underside of CAF signifier is a note of exceeding fortunes and important injury to the immature individual which asks the inquiry of following precaution processs if at any clip the practician feels that there is an issue. Those who work with immature people have a duty to safeguard and advance their public assistance ( C. Wise Harrison. R, 2005 p33 ) , this is an of import issue for any practician or individual who works with a immature and is an of import duty and requires watchfulness ( reword ) and attending to the immature individual who may non be carry throughing the demands and development potency. ( C. Wise Harrison, R, 2005 )

Limiting Reactant Definition in Chemistry

Limiting Reactant Definition in Chemistry The limiting reactant or limiting reagent is a reactant in a chemical reaction that determines the amount of product that is formed. Identification of the limiting reactant makes it possible to calculate the theoretical yield of a reaction. The reason there is a limiting reactant is that elements and compounds react according to the mole ratio between them in a balanced chemical equation. So, for example, if the mole ratio in the balanced equation states it takes 1 mole of each reactant to produce a product (1:1 ratio) and one of the reactants is present in a higher amount than the other, the reactant present in the lower amount would be limiting reactant. All of it would be used up before the other reactant ran out. Limiting Reactant Example Given 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen in the reaction:2 H2 O2 → 2 H2OThe limiting reactant would be hydrogen because the reaction uses up hydrogen twice as fast as oxygen. How to Find the Limiting Reactant There are two methods used to find the limiting reactant. The first is to compare the actual mole ratio of the reactants to the mole ratio of the balanced chemical equation. The other method is to calculate the gram masses of the product resulting from each reactant. The reactant that yields the smallest mass of product is the limiting reactant. Using the Mole Ratio: Balance the equation for the chemical reaction.Convert the masses of reactants to moles, if needed. If the quantities of reactants are given in moles, skip this step.Calculate the mole ratio between reactants using the actual numbers. Compare this ratio to the mole ratio between reactants in the balanced equation.Once you identify which reactant is the limiting reactant, calculate how much product it can make. You can check that you selected the correct reagent as the limiting reactant by calculating how much product the full amount of the other reactant would yield (which should be a larger number).You can use the difference between the moles of non-limiting reactant that are consumed and the starting number of moles to find the amount of excess reactant. If necessary, convert the moles back to grams. Using the Product Approach: Balance the chemical reaction.Convert the given quantities of reactants to moles.Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the number of moles of product that would be formed by each reactant if the full amount was used. In other words, perform two calculations to find the moles of product.The reactant that yielded the smaller amount of product is the limiting reactant. The reactant that yielded the larger amount of produce is the excess reactant.The amount of excess reactant may be calculated by subtracting the moles of excess reactant from the number of moles used (or by subtracting the mass of excess reactant from the total mass used). Mole to gram unit conversions may be necessary to provide answers for homework problems.

TOPIC OF CHOICE, preferably pedophiles and paraphilias Essay

TOPIC OF CHOICE, preferably pedophiles and paraphilias - Essay Example All other physical contacts, in order to quench the thirst of carnal desires i.e. other than heterosexual relations, are considered as taboo, perversion and sexual deviation in large number of societies, cultures, states and countries. A person would be considered to be acting in a deviant way in society if they are violating what the significant social norm in that particular culture is. (Retrieved from freeessays.cc) The nature-nurture debate is one of the most enduring one with reference to the discipline of psychology, and in respect of discovering the development of personality. Social theorists stand pole apart in their observations in respect of the effect of the environment on the one hand and innate characteristics on the other in making up of a personality. Psychologists have defined various kinds and forms of sexual disorders, which cause perversion and deviation from the normal sex behavior of individuals. There are so many reasons of these disorders. Some of the theorists declare environment as the major reason behind such disorders, while few of them are of the opinion that biological and physical reasons are also involved in sexual perversion and deviant behavior. Man enters the world as a neat and clean biological organism, which learns how to behave from society by entering into continuous and constant interaction with the other members of his social arrangement. It is therefore, theorists view man’s behavior as the learnt one, which is highly supportive in his personality development and recognition of his role, position and responsibilities while interacting with his social surroundings. Hence, it is the socio-cultural background that maintains lion’s share in the growth of man’s personality and social behavior. Theorists are of the view that prevailing social norms, mores, values and activities prevailing in a community determine man’s superior and inferior habits and

Collage and photomontage and hanna hoch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Collage and photomontage and hanna hoch - Essay Example By understanding the historical context of Modern art, it is possible to trace how Hanna Hoch developed her own artistic approach and made her ideas known. An analysis of one of her artworks demonstrates the ideas she was attempting to convey. This investigation further illustrates how Hoch’s artwork served to influence future artists who also used the medium of photomontage and collage to convey their ideas. Because of Hoch, this particular artistic approach took on a greater cultural and social importance because of the way in which it directly spoke to the major political issues of the day, focusing upon the major hopes and aspirations of the community as Germany underwent profound political change in a short space of time. Although Hoch’s artwork was little understood at the time in which she was working, later audiences who were much more informed regarding the artistic theories and ideas being expressed and not as influenced by the fear of Jewish inferiority and i nsanity were more able to appreciate the intelligence and sensitivity this artist portrays within her work. Because of this, Hoch was able to inspire numerous other artists working with the medium to continue exploring the political issues of the day by placing images in similar unusual juxtaposition. Thus, the following paper attempts to demonstrate how Hanna Hoch’s artwork grew out of the social and political climate of her time, illustrate how it became a unique expression of her thoughts and ideas and then trace these ideas as they influenced further artists into the future. Understanding an individual’s artwork as well as their influence on future artists is often more difficult than one might at first imagine. Before artwork such as that created by Hanna Hoch can be fully appreciated, one must have some idea of the artistic theories the artist was building off of, such as the Modernist

Google in China Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google in China - Article Example Just recently, the state has developed a firewall system that blocked numerous sites supported by Google. From the company, the problem is not an internal issue and they severs are fully functional. However, the Googlespokeswoman did not provide much information on the issue. On numerous occasions, Googlehas developed mechanisms that could enable users in china access their services but they have since been countered. The issue is important in the business sector since the internet is an important factor. For businesses they would be required to consider marketing alternatives. In addition, the businesses are required to monitor their information provided through their internet platforms. Auditors should ensure they monitor the content provided through online services to minimize sanctions risks. Accountants are affected since they should develop ways that they could market their services or communicate with clients. Regulators are also required to provide specifications to business on how well they could practice ethical and correct internet

Leadership Style And Power Tactics Of Gandhi History Essay

Leadership Style And Power Tactics Of Gandhi History Essay With the aid of leadership theory and specific examples, this paper reflects upon and analyses the leadership style and power and influence tactics of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as portrayed in the movie Gandhi. The analysis is primarily based on Gandhis personal identity and behaviour in relation to others and the external environment. More so, the relationship shared between him and his followers is embedded throughout the paper to further support the analysis. Lastly, this paper makes a short comparison between the leadership style of Gandhi and Jinnah. Gandhi is popularly referred to as Mahatma Gandhi, meaning great soul, and is commonly called bapu in India, meaning father. He is officially honoured in India as the father of the nation, as it was under his leadership and guidance than the freedom movement in India gained momentum, ultimately leading to Indias independence in 1947. Gandhi was a national leader, a freedom fighter, a visionary, a humanist, and a socialist reformer. He has been a source of inspiration and role-model for not only the common man, but various other leaders such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela as well. Defining Leadership According to Yukl (2010), Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. Gandhis Leadership Style Gandhi was not a born leader, but he certainly had traits of one (Exhibit 1). He was a simple man leading a simple life, but strongly believed in and practiced the values of unity, equality, truth, non-violence, justice, and honesty. His values and personality were instrumental in fighting the might of the British. He was patient but persistent, as he knew it was no simple task attaining Indias independence. While he was defiant, resistant, daring and provocative at times, he always remained calm, caring, humble and polite. He exhibited distinct characteristics, qualities and behaviours of a charismatic leader, transformational leader and level 5 leader, which are analysed below. Charismatic Leadership According to Weber (1947), charismatic leaders are more likely to emerge in crisis situations. As depicted in the movie, India was suffering from the atrocities of the British rule for decades, causing widespread distress. People were desperate to end the suffering, but were unable to find a solution. Gandhi provided the vision of Independent India, and led various movements from the front. Indias social crisis provided Gandhi with the perfect stage to rise from amongst the masses and lead India to independence. Most importantly, his actions were highly unconventional. He fought the British using the methodology of truth, non-violence, non-cooperation and peaceful resistance, rather than using violent means. These unconventional means of protest impressed and inspired his followers, who saw him as extraordinary and charismatic. Yukl (2010) states that leaders are more likely to be viewed as charismatic if they make self-sacrifices, take personal risks, and incur high costs to achieve the vision they espouse. In the movie, there were various instances when Gandhi made personal sacrifices and took personal risks. For example, he stopped wearing western clothes and donned a simple dhoti to blend with the masses; he was jailed on numerous occasions for lengthy durations; he led a simple life without materialistic pleasures; and even got beaten on occasion. Gandhi was highly trusted by his followers, given the fact that he was not motivated to free India for personal self-interest, but for the betterment and concern of the people. He drew vast admiration due to his noble intentions, high moral values and ethical standards. During his funeral procession in the movie, the commentator rightly stated, The object of this massive tribute died as he had always lived. A private man without wealth, without property, without official title or office. Mahatma Gandhi was not the commander of armies, nor a ruler of vast lands. He could not boast of any scientific achievement or artistic gift. Yet men, governments, dignitaries from all over the world have joined hands today to pay homage to this little brown man in the loincloth who led his country to freedom. Gandhi was highly self-confident, and strongly believed that India would gain independence. It was his belief that it was just a matter of when and in what form. It was his confidence and enthusiasm to free India that united his followers to jointly accomplish what seemed impossible to achieve. Gandhis vision, inspiration, confidence and positive attitude motivated and enhanced the collective efficacy of the people, inspiring the belief that unity is critical in order to free India. This collective belief fuelled the determination of his followers to willingly put in additional effort, and persist the long, hard road to freedom. Gandhi was by no means an impressive leader by appearance either. Despite being old, short, and slim-built, he had the ability and charisma to appeal to the masses through his public speaking and interpersonal skills, which had a widespread effect. In short, he was a crowd-puller. Meindl (1990) explains this spontaneous spread of emotional and behavioural reactions among the people through the process of social contagion. The people of India were emotionally and physically prepared to make self-sacrifices in order to gain independence. Gandhi activated this social identity amongst the people, at a time when their survival was being threatened. For example, the movie shows how the people of Champaran were facing a social crisis, and how Gandhi travelled there to see, hear and feel their pain. Gandhis mere presence in Champaran led to his arrest, and what followed was extraordinary. Being a crowd-puller, rioting ensued in the region, and the people swarmed the court room at his hearing . Without any heroics, Gandhi was able to pressurize the British to make changes. However, his followers viewed him as heroic and exceptional, and this feeling began to spread spontaneously among the people, stirring the whole nation. There is little doubt that Gandhi was a positive charismatic, and that he had a socialized power orientation. According to Yukl (2010), leaders with socialized power orientation exhibit the following characteristics, as did Gandhi: Strong self-control Motivated to satisfy the need for power in socially acceptable ways More emotionally mature Exercise power for the benefit of others Hesitant about using power in a manipulative manner Less egoistic and defensive Accumulate fewer material possessions Have a longer-range view His leadership influence emphasized internalization rather than personal identification. He was self-sacrificing and led from the front to communicate his commitment to the freedom struggle. Gandhi once stated, You must be the change you want to see in the world. Gandhis followers were responsive to his ideologies and appeals, and became increasingly involved in this socialized charismatic relationship. According to Yukl (2010), the affective reaction charismatic leaders arouse often polarizes people into opposing camps of loyal supporters and hostile opponents, and the intense negative reaction by some people to charismatic leaders explains why they are often targets for assassination. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic, assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on 30th January, 1948, as he felt Gandhi was personally responsible for the partition of India as well as for the deaths of thousands of Hindus. Transformational Leadership According to Bass (1985), transformational leaders possess unique charismatic behaviours that include sacrificing personal gains for the benefits of the group, setting a personal example for followers and demonstrating high ethical standards. Gandhis leadership style clearly showcases the essence of transformational leadership. For example, his followers were motivated by him, trusted him, admired him, were loyal to him, and respected him. Transformational leaders also appeal to higher values like liberty, justice, peace and equality. Gandhi lived for such causes, and fought his entire life to stand by them. Gandhis transformational leadership encouraged his followers to transcend their own self-interest and fight in unity. Thousands of Gandhis followers went to jail, and at times were violently beaten as well (e.g. Hundreds of Gandhis followers willingly gathered at the Dharasana Salt Works and stood together while being beaten with sticks by the British officials. Nevertheless, they not once resorted to violence because they respected Gandhis sentiments). In fact, according to Dirks and Ferrin (2002), transformational leadership is highly correlated with trust in the leader. According to Bass (1985), transformational leaders exhibit the following behaviours: Idealized Influence This behaviour arouses strong follower emotions and identification with the leader. Gandhi was able to influence the masses because he was a man of his words, and always practiced what he preached. He was a role model for the masses, and won their respect and trust through his actions. He demonstrated high ethical conduct (non-violence), self-sacrifice (voluntary poverty and non-materialism), dedication and persistence in order to attain Indias independence. Intellectual Stimulation This behaviour increases follower awareness of problems and influences followers to view problems from a new perspective. Gandhi was always supportive of his followers, and encouraged them to think openly, ask questions, and solve problems. He was willing to accept wrong-doing and mistakes, and was not ashamed to discard a strategy that didnt work as planned. For example, he called off the non-violent campaign despite opposition from his subordinates because there were some people who used violent means. Individualized Consideration This behaviour includes providing support, encouragement and coaching to followers. Gandhi was always supportive of his followers. For example, he patiently listened to the grievances and concerns of the poor with regards to their inability to maintain a livelihood due to British policies. Gandhi was also extremely supportive of other leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel. He nurtured them, encouraged them to share ideas, and even empowered them to make decisions, never making them feel dependent on him. Inspirational Motivation This behaviour includes communicating an appealing vision, and using symbols to focus subordinate effort. Gandhi stood by his personal values, and consistently communicated his vision of independence. By openly communicating his vision, and using symbols such as the Salt Satyagraha movement, he provided his followers with a sense of meaning, which in turn inspired them to remain optimistic and increase their effort. Level 5 Leader Jim Collins (2005) states that a Level 5 Leader is someone who has genuine personal humility blended with intense professional will. Gandhi exhibited distinct characteristics of such a leader (Exhibit 2). He was extremely humble and modest, and lived a life on the principle of simple living and high thinking. He wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, which was woven from yarn spun by hand using a charkha. He was humble and appreciative, and never hesitated in saying Thank You. However, he was extremely persistent in his resolve to gain Indias independence. Despite facing various challenges and set backs in the pursuit of independence, he never gave up. Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Theory Gandhi developed and shared a high-exchange relationship with his subordinates, followers and other leaders. This relationship grew stronger over time, resulting in a high degree of mutual dependence, loyalty, trust, respect, support and affection. According to Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995), high-quality leader-follower relationships are positively associated with transformational leadership behaviours. Even Deluga (1992) found a significant relationship between the transformational leadership behaviours of charisma and individualized consideration and high-quality LMX. While Gandhi provided the vision and inspiration, most of the ground work was carried out by his subordinates and followers, who were highly committed to the freedom struggle. They also took considerable initiative on their part to carry out the planning. For example, Nehru used his contacts in the press to take Gandhis message to the masses. It can also be stated that the exchange relationship Gandhi shared with his subordinates was favourable. Gandhi was highly supportive of his subordinates, and used to frequently consult them. He acted more as a mentor to them. He was non-dominating in conversations, and had to be highly persuasive with Jinnah on multiple occasions. His subordinates began demonstrating organizational citizenship behaviour, as their trust in Gandhi grew stronger. Dirks Ferrin (2002) validate this by stating that a favourable exchange relationship is highly correlated with subordinate trust. Gandhis Power and Influence Tactics A leader needs to be influential, and so was Gandhi. In the movie, Gandhi primarily used the process of internalization to influence his followers. According to Kelman (1958), under the internalization process, the target person becomes committed to support and implement proposals espoused by the agent because they appear to be intrinsically desirable and correct in relation to the targets values, beliefs, and self-image. Gandhi was able to influence the masses by invigorating their values of freedom, justice and self-respect to fight against the British. To a certain extent, personal identification was also depicted. Kelman (1958) states that under personal identification, the target person imitates the agents behaviour or adopts the same attitudes to please the agent and to be like the agent. In the movie, Jawaharlal Nehru was initially shown as wearing western clothes. But after Gandhis influence on him, he chose to wear clothes made of Indian fabric (khadi), thereby adopting the same attitude of Gandhi. Similarly, millions of Indians boycotted English garments in their support of Gandhis view that we should wear khadi. According to Yukl (2010), power is the capacity to influence the attitudes and behaviour of people in the desired direction. Gandhi was shown as exhibiting the use of referent power in the movie. According to French and Raven (1959), referent power is derived from the desire of others to please an agent toward whom they have strong feelings of affection, admiration and loyalty. Gandhis friendly, attractive, charming and trustworthy character empowered him with high referent power. He was able to increase this power by showing concern towards to needs of the people, by demonstrating trust and respect, and by treating people fairly and equally. Moreover, his high levels of personal integrity and consistent values allowed him to maintain this referent power. According to Yukl (2010), most power studies have found that referent power is positively correlated with subordinate satisfaction and performance, and that effective leaders rely more of referent power to influence subordinates. He further states that people are more likely to cooperate with an agent who has strong referent power. This partly explains the effective leadership of Gandhi, and reasons why his followers were highly attracted to him. Comparison Between Leadership Style of M.K. Gandhi and M.A. Jinnah Gandhi and Jinnah, as portrayed in the movie, seem to be very different in their traits, behaviour, appearance, lifestyle and leadership style. Jinnah is shown to lead a comfortable, sophisticated and lavish lifestyle, and in certain ways emulates the British. Gandhi led a lifestyle quite opposite to that. While Gandhi was the leader of the masses, Jinnah by no means came close. While Gandhi has been portrayed as warm and affectionate, Jinnah appears to be intimidating, arrogant, stubborn, manipulative, and at times sarcastic. In terms of leadership style, Jinnah exhibits characteristics of a negative charismatic. Negative charismatics have a personalized power orientation. In the movie, it can be noticed that while Jinnahs original ideology was that of an independent India, by gaining power over time, his ideologies changed. He later personally advocated creating a separate Muslim state Pakistan. While his concerns were valid, they seemed to be highly exaggerated. More so, even though Gandhi persuaded and tried to reason with Jinnah, he remained stubborn. It is only when Gandhi told him he could become the 1st Prime Minister of India with full freedom to choose his cabinet that he seemed content. Hence, it seems that Jinnah had a greater concern for self-glorification and maintaining power. In contrast, Gandhi was never in the chase for power, which is supported by the fact that he never held an official title or office. Conclusion Gandhi has been a role-model and source of inspiration for many generations. His unconventional means to fight injustice (truth, non-violence, non-cooperation and peaceful resistance) have earned him high admiration and respect. He led from the front to attain Indias independence, and influenced millions of followers to fight for a moral and just cause. He epitomised life based on moral conduct, and showed its strength to the world. While laying the foundation for democracy in India, he has also showed how unity and humanity can fight the strongest of forces. While it is highly unlikely to witness another Gandhi in our lifetime, humanity has critical lessons to learn from his leadership and life.