Definition Of Critical Review

Definition Of Critical Review To Critique research articles mean careful and critical appraisal of strength and limitations of a piece of research, rather than hunting for and exposing mistake (Polit and Beck 2008). A research critique is not a summary of the article but find scope and limitation and balance of the validity and significance. Definition of critical review You need to put your heading in bold and separate to your paragraph :A critical review is an evaluation of an academic article or essay. It requested to make judgments, positive or negative, about the text using various criteria. It is an overall critical appraisal, which mainly focuses on the reliability, validity, strengths and weakness, rather than the faults or weakness of the research (New South Wales University, learning Centre date?). The review supposes to be objective, balance discussion and evaluation of the strengths and weakness. (New South Wales University, learning Centre date?). It is the summarization and evaluation of the ideas and information in an article. It expresses the writers point of view in the light of what you already know on the subject and what is acquired from related texts. Purpose of the essay- The aim of this assignment is to develop a solid understanding of the experiences of residents in nursing home care by critiquing a published qualitative health research. Say who wrote the article, give article title and details. It helps to find out participants belief about their own role and the role of nurses in controlling and managing their condition. Potential benefit from conducting critical review of article is increase share control with health care staff in residential care facilities as well as increase awareness in health care staff, employer and in public. In this article critical thinking frame work is based on critical review guideline for qualitative studies by Beck, C 2009, Critiquing Qualitative Research, Aorn Journal, vol. 90, no.4, pp. 543-545. This article reviewed due to its design and contribution to health care facility;? A bit unclear to read in addition it also increases nursing knowledge and provide awareness in society. Reason behind to use this frame is provides specific guideline and cover all most question of critique such as how to do critique on title, phenomenon, structure, research design analysis data, findings and other prospective of the article. Title: please give exact study details here -otherwise it is hard to read and mark. I presume from your references you are critiquing: Nakrem, S, Vinsnes, A. G, Seim, A, 2011. Residents experiences of interpersonal factors in nursing home care: A qualitative study, International Journal of Nursing Studies vol .48 no.11, pp. 1357-1366. Title of the study is well-described and self-explanatory. It describes residents experience of factors while living in a nursing home. The article title find out age of participants, their experiences of interpersonal relationship factors in nursing home care Title is already indicate it is a qualitative study and title match with context of article. The objective of study is clearly stated in article. Abstract: The abstract part: aim was finding out the experiences of the residents with direct nursing care in relation to interpersonal aspects of quality of care. Background stating as life expectancy rate is lengthening the number of those needing care in nursing home will also increase dramatically over the period of next 20 years (Huber et al., 2009) Quality of care across developed countries mainly focuses on patient safety, excellence in care and patient satisfaction (Nakrem et al., 2009) Method: phenomenological methodology had been used. Findings were divided into category and then sub categories. Conclusion quality of nursing care depends upon individual approach to medical, physical and psychosocial care, including interpersonal aspects of care. Researcher used a short sentence to cover all aspect of research, also describes well information of data analysis and result. Overall, the abstract clearly and concisely summarized. Introduction: Statement of problem; the problem statement is unequivocally and easily located in the first paragraph of the article. The researcher focus on how nursing home quality can be understands from resident point of view. The problem certainly has significance for nursing because the life expectancy and number of resident will increase in the next 20 years. The problem statement convinced clearly and having an ability to persuade because the study is a greater understanding of interpersonal factors which is very important for improving the quality of patient nurse relationship in nursing homes. This is a bit confusing to read This statement of a problem does build a cogent and persuasive argument for the new study as the consideration of interpersonal relationship factors and quality of nursing care could be difference from nurses and residents perspective. It has a great significance in nursing as people who were the owners of the house is now the residents of the nursing home. So they believe their integrity is at risk in nurse patient interaction and care. They feel more dependent and sometime helpless. So its very important to study those aspects and find out the drawbacks, so that they can be rectified and the residents feel safer, secure and live their life happily in nursing home. The match between the research problem and the qu alitative paradigm and tradition used in the study is good. The researcher used the phenomenological methods in order to explain the life experience of people in nursing home in regards to quality of care and their expectations. Research questions: In this article author did not clearly state the researcher question, the open ended questions were used and these research questions were further divided in to sub categories for more understanding of problems. Research questions are related with the study. Qualitative method of data collection fits the research question by using phenomenological theory, in residents with lived experience (Polit, Beck Hungler 2001, p.214). Literature review: The reporter adequately summarized research that had been conducted on the phenomenon of interpersonal aspects of nursing care. The author clearly stated the gaps in the knowledge, in previous study it was identified that to provide good quality of care and to understand interpersonal aspect of care is essential and residents are primary source to find out the interpersonal factor and outcomes of care, on other hand recent study provide better understanding of interpersonal factor by taking depth interviews of the residence in order to improve the relationship of the residents with their nurses and also in the improvement of the quality of nursing. Conceptual underpinnings: the researcher provided a conceptual definition of the key concept of interpersonal aspects of quality care. This helps the reader to understand what interpersonal aspects of nursing referred to, and it includes not only medical care but also physical and psychological care, to protect their integrity and to recognize their individuali psychosocial needs. Be careful of odd capitals in sentences. The researcher did not state philosophical basis of this study in introduction. the author didnt make any conceptual framework for this study, he just compare and contrast the content on one research theory to compare the content of the study but he did consider the ethical aspect of study, took approval from regional committee for medical and health research either for maintaining privacy and confidentiality of the information collected from the study. Methods:- Protecting the participants rights: Approval was obtained from regional committee for medical and health research. However, according to Minichiello et al (2004), the ethical components not just ethics committee and follow-up support but also the informed consent, keeping patients information confidently and the right of withdrew the study. Ethical issues related to the research include informed consent, the identity of the researcher, the purpose and nature of the study, the right to refuse and to participate and other such as responsibilities of researcher and possible study benefits, side effects, privacy, autonomy, confidentiality, anonymity etc. these all aspects were taken into consideration by regional committee of medical and health research ethics. For data collection, confidentiality and right to refuse and withdrawal and written consent in addition to oral consent was taken from residents. Leave a line between sections Research design and research tradition: Appropriate methods of data gathering and analysis for this study are based on in-depth interviews.This is a qualitative study and the author has used a descriptive and exploratory research design. A phenomenological method is used in which the idea is taken from of the individuals who have actually experienced the situation. (Taylor, Roberts. 2007, p. 336 incorrect in text reference- always leave author initial out of body of text) The researchers used the phenomenological study to describe the life experiences of people in nursing home in regards to quality of care and their expectations (Vivilaki Johnson 2008). An adequate time was spent with participants, each interview was lasted for one hour and author find that the long-term residents are individuals with individual background but they also have a shared meaning of experience living in nursing home, so by comparing and contrasting the interpretations of meanings to combine and put toge ther them in general account. Sample and setting: Participants were selected on based of condition and on the eligible criteria completed by the researchers. This is the plus point for the research (Rawlinson ?1999, p.859) Initially 24 participants between the ages of 45 to 100 years were chosen from four municipal public nursing homes in Norway. Sample is taken from small, medium and large public nursing homes in rural and urban areas. But only 15 participants chosen with 9 women, 75 92 years old and 6 men 80- 96 years old, gave interview, there was a well described site and recruitment of participants which shows that sample size was not adequate. The inclusion criteria was set on the basis that they were mentally sound residents in the nursing home for minimum of a month and longer and had physical and mental capacity to participate. Individuals those are selected to participate in qualitative research is based on their first-hand experience with a culture social or phenomenon of interest (this is not an author surname. You really need some tutoring from the Student Learning Centre to help you to write correct in text references et.al 2011,p-28) sample decision were made and the sample framed according to the purpose of the study, there is no hard and fast rule rules about numbers, Sample size was not adequate to make a general statement should take at least 50 or 60 sample to make a general statement. For qualitative study it could be 10 -100 but minimum 30 should be when looking for evidence or trying to achieve maximum variation (Tuckett 2004, p.2). Data collection: The data was collected by in-depth interviews with the residents. One researcher, to assist the residents an interview guide with open-ended questions, conducted all interviews and probes were used. Three experts reviewed it. A narrative approach was used to encourage the resident to freely speak about their experience. The interviewer repeated and summarised during the interviews to check whether it was correct. Procedure: The procedure used to collect and record data were adequately described and were appropriate for phenomenological study. Because resident tell their views to the researcher in interviews and bias were minimised. How ? The author did not discussed about staff training for data collection. Enhancement and rigor: The rigour in qualitative research is demonstrated through researchers, attention to and confirmation of information discovered. The goal of rigor in qualitative research is to accurately represent study participant experienced (p.41) different methods was used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data and analysis, to enhance rigour in data analysis the authors of the article were all involved in discussions about development of analytical concepts. Researcher documented researcher procedures and decision process sufficiently to confirm that the finding is suitable and confirmable, the author himself and two other interviewers coded interview separately and compared with the coding done by main author and discussed for abstraction in categories and subgroups in meeting. Data analysis: Data was analysed by recording and transcribed the data by verbally, the data analytical approach was consisted of coding with categorization, and Interviewer took notes and summarized them. Moreover, interviewer also listened the tape recording carefully and meaningful entities in the transcript were also identified and interviewees expressions were sorted into more specific categories and finally each category was synthesized by comparing and contrasting with the already existing theory and literature. An electronic tool was used for mind mapping as well. To enhancing the rigour of the study all authors were involved in discussion about the development of analytical concepts. The main author coded all interview and all study was discussed the abstractions into categories and subgroups by the authors.(Ryan Nichollas Will 2009). Good Findings: Finding from the qualitative studies may be a show constructive format of phenomena (Polit, Beck Hungler 2001, p.313). The findings of this research highlight and acknowledge the importance of nurses in general and specialized (holistic) care, prevention of complications and prioritizing the individual needs. Findings also expressed the quality of care according to residents point of view to optimize and fulfil their medical, physical and psychosocial needs whilst protecting their integrity, dignity and social status. Findings mainly regard quality of care by building up long-term relationship between nurses and residents to enhance psychosocial wellbeing. Findings were all expressed in the article under separate subheadings for easy review and understanding. Interpretation of the findings: Finding is interpreted within an appropriate frame. Author focused on finding related to interpersonal factor of direct nursing care. ?the finding interpreted and discussed within the context of previous studies. The author compares the study with the previous study. In previous study (author, date) it was identified that to provide good quality of care to the residents, to understand interpersonal aspect of care is essential and residents are primary source to find out the interpersonal factors and outcomes of care while recent study provides better understanding of interpersonal factors by taking depth interviews of the residents in order to improve the relationship of the residents with their nurses and also in the improvement of the quality of nursing care. Both studies focus on the interpersonal aspect of care so that nurses can provide better quality of care to residents because residents have long term relationship with nurses in nursing homes. And also author mention about li mitation of this study nurse as representative of the health care took interview from the residents might be reluctant to criticize the nursing home quality and author did not put many efforts to understand cultural of the interviewees. Author did not address the issue of transferability of the finding due to small sample consisting of mentally lucid residents from four nursing homes. Implication and recommendation: Presentation: The report was well written, flowed logically, and was written in enough detail for critical analysis .the description of finding was rich and powerful. Researcher credibility: The researcher qualification enhanced confidence in the finding. Researcher was member of Norway College of Nursing facility. Summary assessment: The study result appears trustworthy. Trustworthiness is at the heart of a qualitative research critique (Beck 2009) This study provide some evidence that can be used in nursing practice in help in improving interpersonal relationship and quality of care in nursing homes. Appear to be trustworthy but author could take more sample/ participants in this study to make finding more general.? does this apply to qualitative work? Conclusion: This is critiquing and qualitative study about a quality of nursing care in nursing home .This qualitative study is to understand the real needs of the residents and how these needs can be fulfilled by the nurses. Nurses are required to understand the individual needs of the patient through their knowledge and skills in order to provide the holistic care to the residents. Nurses need to maintain the residents autonomy and dignity in order to improve the quality of nursing care. Overall, this was a good qualitative article. The researcher used a qualitative research design to explore the experience of residents those who live in the nursing home and providing the evidence for the practice for the healthcare to fulfill the individual needs through interpersonal relationship. The strength of this article would be great purpose, right methodology, and strong rigor. As mentioned previously, strong rigor was the most important part of qualitative study. However, study sample ta ken was small and the interview was taken by one of the nurse of the nursing may be this affect the views of the resident (Galvin et.al 2005, p-92). References: Beck, C 2009, Critiquing Qualitative Research, Aorn Journal, vol. 90, no.4, pp. 543-545. Leave a line between each one, no need to number them Galvin, Cathy, Roiste first name? and Aine first name?2005, Living in care: older person experience of nursing homes, Irish Journal of applied social studies, vol. 6, issue.1. Hilarie, Surrena 2011, Qualitative research in nursing,5th edn, China Minichiello, V Sullivan, G Greenwood, K and Axford, R 2004, Handbook of research methods for nursing and health science, 2nd Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Nakrem, S, Vinsnes, A. G, Seim, A, 2011. Residents experiences of interpersonal factors in nursing home care: A qualitative study, International Journal of Nursing Studies vol .48 no.11, pp. 1357-1366. New South Wales University Learning Centre n.d., Writing a Critical Review, viewed 21 Oct 2011 Polit, D.F Beck, C.T, 2008, Nursing research : generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, 8thedn, pp.105-138, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Polit, DF, Beck, CT Hungler, BP 2001, Essential of nursing research methods, appraisal, and utilization, 5th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Ryan-Nicholls, KD Will, CI 2009, Rigour in qualitative research: mechanisms for control, Nurse Researcher, vol. 16, no. 3, viewed 9 September 2012, (online Bell Howell/ProQuest). Taylor, B Roberts, K 2007, Research in nursing and health care: evidence for practice, 3rd edn, Thomson, South Melbourne. Thomas, Sp Pollio, HR 2002, Listening to patients: a phenomenological approach to nursing research and practice, Springer, New York. Tuckett, A, 2009,Qualitative research sampling -The very real complexties nursing research,vol.12, no.1,P.2. Vivilaki, V Johnson, M 2008, Research philosophy and Socrates: rediscovering the birth of phenomenology, Nurse Researcher, vol. 16, no. 1, viewed 9 September 2012, (online Bell Howell/ProQuest). Appendix A Critiquing Qualitative Research put author details here also Basic Questions for Critiquing Title Introduction in Qualitative Reports Title Was the title a good one, suggesting the key phenomenon and the group or community under study? Introduction Statement of the problem Is the problem stated unambiguously and is it easy to identify? Does the problem statement build a cogent and persuasive argument for the new study? Does the problem have significance for nursing? Is there a good match between the research problem on the one hand and the paradigm, tradition, and methods on the other? Research questions Are research questions explicitly stated? If not, is their absence justified? Are the questions consistent with the studys philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation? Literature review Does the report adequately summarize the existing body of knowledge related to the problem or phenomenon of interest? Does the literature review provide a solid basis for the new study? Conceptual underpinnings Are key concepts adequately defined conceptually? Is the philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation made explicit and is it appropriate for the problem? Basic Questions for Critiquing Results in Qualitative Reports Results Data analysis Were the data management (e.g., coding) and data analysis methods sufficiently described? Was the data analysis strategy compatible with the research tradition and with the nature and type of data gathered? Did the analysis yield an appropriate product (e.g., a theory, taxonomy, thematic pattern, etc.)? Did the analytic procedures suggest the possibility of biases? Findings Were the findings effectively summarized, with good use of excerpts and supporting arguments? Do the temes adequately capture the meaning of the data? Does it appear that the research satisfactorily conceptualized the themes or patterns in the data? Did the analysis yield an insightful, provocative, and meaningful picture of the phenomenon under investigation? Theoretical integration Are the themes or patterns logically connected to each other to form a convincing and integrated whole? Were the figures, maps, or models used effectively to summarize conceptualizations? If a conceptual framework or ideological orientation guided the study, are the themes or patterns linked to it in a cogent manner? Basic Questions for Critiquing Discussion in Qualitative Reports Discussion Interpretation of the findings Are the findings interpreted within an appropriate frame of reference? Are major findings interpreted and discussed within the context of prior studies? Are the interpretations consistent with the studys limitations? Does the report address the issue of the transferability of the findings? Implications and recommendations Do the researchers discuss the implications of the study for clinical practice or further inquiry, and are those implications reasonable and complete? Basic Questions for Critiquing Methods in Qualitative Reports Methods Protection of participants rights Were appropriate procedures used to safeguard the rights of study participants? Was the study subject to external review? Was the study designed to minimize risks and maximize benefits to participants? Research design and research tradition Is the identified research tradition (if any) congruent with the methods used to collect and analyze data? Was an adequate amount of time spent in the field or with study participants? Did the design unfold in the field, giving researchers opportunities to capitalize on early understandings? Was there evidence of reflexivity in the design? Was there an adequate number of contacts with study participants? Sample and setting Was the group or population of interest adequately described? Were the setting and sample described in sufficient detail? Was the approach used to gain access to the site or to recruit participants appropriate? Was the best possible method of sampling used to enhance information richness and address the needs of the study? Was the sample size adequate? Was saturation achieved? Data collection Were the methods of gathering data appropriate? Were data gathered through two or more methods to achieve triangulation? Did the researcher ask the right questions or make the right observations, and were they recorded in an appropriate fashion? Was a sufficient amount of data gathered? Was the data of sufficient depth and richness? Procedures Were data collection and recording procedures adequately described and do they appear appropriate? Was data collected in a manner that minimized bias or behavioral distortions? Were the staff who collected data appropriately trained? Enhancement of rigor Were methods used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data (and analysis), and was the description of those methods adequate? Were the methods used to enhance credibility appropriate and sufficient? Did the researcher document research procedures and decision processes sufficiently that findings are auditable and confirmable? Basic Questions for Critiquing Global Issues in Qualitative Reports Global Issues Presentation Was the report well written, well organized, and sufficiently detailed for critical analysis? Were the descriptions of the methods, findings, and interpretations sufficiently rich and vivid? Researcher(s) credibility Do the researchers clinical, substantive, or methodological qualifications and experience enhance confidence in the findings and their interpretation? Summary assessment Do the study findings appear to be trustworthy and do you have confidence in the truth value of the results? Does the study contribute any meaningful evidence that can be used in nursing practice or that is useful to the nursing discipline? Please add rubric FU logo L mono Faculty of Health Sciences School of Nursing Midwifery NURS2107/NURS2107A Evidence for Health Care Practice 2 Content marking guide for assignment 3 Introduction (20%) Grade HD D C P F Purpose of essay clearly stated (2.5%) x No stated purpose A critical review explained/defined (2.5%) x No explanation/definition Potential benefits of conducting critical reviews clearly explained (5%) x Potential benefits of conducting critical reviews not stated Article to be reviewed introduced and context set (2.5%) x No introduction of article to be reviewed or context set Critical thinking framework(s) clearly outlined and rationale for using them explained (5%) x No explanation of critical thinking framework(s) Structure/headings of essay clearly stated (2.5%) x Structure/headings of essay not clear Critical review: quantitative study (40%) Grade HD D C P F Critique of title, authors and journal (2.5%) No critique of title, authors and journal Critique of abstract (2.5%) No critique of abstract Critique of introduction/literature review /background (10%) No critique of literature review Critique of research design/methodology/methods (10%) No critique of research design/methodology/methods Critique of validity and reliability (2.5%) No critique of validity and reliability Critique of ethical issues (2.5%) No critique of ethical issues Critique of findings (5%) No critique of findings Critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations (5%) No critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations Conclusions: quantitative study (10%) Grade HD D C P F Effective and succinct summary of main findings of critical review (5%) No summary of main findings of critique process Established significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice (5%) Significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice not stated Critical review: qualitative study (40%) Grade HD D C P F Critique of title, authors and journal (2.5%) x No critique of title, authors and journal Critique of abstract (2.5%) x No critique of abstract Critique of introduction/literature review /background (10%) x No critique of literature review Critique of research design/methodology/methods (10%) x No critique of research design/methodology/methods Critique of study rigour (2.5%) x No critique of validity and reliability or rigour Critique of ethical issues (2.5%) x No critique of ethical issues Critique of findings (5%) x No critique of findings Critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations (5%) x No critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations Conclusions: qualitative study (10%) Effective and succinct summary of main findings of critical review (5%) x No summary of main findings of the critique process Establishing significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice (5%) x Significance of study

P’s Pert Plus: a Pan- European Brand?

Q1. How attractive is the Pan- European market for pert plus in terms of demand potential? Competition? Pan- European market is quite attractive for pert plus    in terms of demand as the consumers test results showed that the product concept of ‘wash & go' their (time-saving benefits) 28% consumers said that they would definalty buy the product that was only 1 percent less then already established bran there Vidal Sasson. Also because they are gradually accepting the idea of 2-in-1 shampoo more and thus it would be beneficial to launch in European market. P&G's competitors there are Unilever, Colgate and Lo ‘Oreal. P&Gs own competitor brands are heavily advertised there by European standards. Therefore launch of the product need to illustrate quality and time- saving benefits and also need to educate the market in the use of conditioners further. Q2. What competitive advantages does Pert Plus have? Disadvantages? Competitive advantage for pert plus is the benefits of time-saving and convenient everyday use of the product. Thos benefit is very essential and thus required right positioning. Inadequate availability of production capacity was a disadvantage for pert plus. Also lead times for alternative pack sizes and designs (250ml preferred size) were also a restriction for them as it would take six months lead time. Q3. Which countries would be the leading markets in Europe? What are the advantages and disadvantages of entering a leading market first? The countries that could be leading markets are Great Britain as it has a high market size for usage of conditioners and shampoos, especially conditioners that is the highest rate among the other 4 countries given. Therefore they would not have to educate them much about the usage of conditioners but can face tough competition. West Germany has highest rate of value of shampoos and 2nd highest in conditioners (Exhibit 1). Therefore has the potential of being a leading market but would require an innovative marketing campaign and emphasis on pert plus's competitive advantages. Entering a leading market first has both advantages and disadvantages. Market segmentation is usually a must as competition is intense. New entrant will have to use niche strategies, positioning their product not in the core of the market but in specialty area. As the product is new it has the chance to develop a new market and gain favorable first mover advantages, something that takes resources, focus and continuous monitoring of penetration. Q4. What does marketing research tell about the price and positioning decision for Europe? Brand choice? Should the BC-18 technology be introduced with a pan-European name, or with local brand names, or even with a mixture of both approaches? Price and packaging alternatives were tested on only two brands: one brand from the lower-price segment and another brand that had a high quality product concept that is product concepts where possible price sensitivity would be easily detected. According to the market research the consumer were willing to pay the equal price for the selected product (Vidal Sassoon, Shamtu, Pantene, Pert Plus). The new technology â€Å"2-in-1† for shampoo and conditioner in one wash, its positioning was same as Vidal Sassoon Shampoo â€Å"for great-looking hair in a convenient way†. The brand choice would be highly not so easy because all the brands are providing the same technology 2-in-1 formula. The BC-18 technology would be introduced with a mixture of both approaches, because P was the first packaged goods companies to go to pan-European. The American company had established a pan-European focus in its R-effort and a system of â€Å"lead countries† for pan-European product roll-outs. And plus with a local brand name customer would easily recognized the brand globally.

Impact of Culture, Ethnicity & Gender on Identity Development

Different youths will have different identity development depending on where they come from. There are youths living in abject poverty today and worse enough they engage in drug and alcohol abuse. It is also very important to note that the crises that male adolescents face are different from those which females’ adolescents undergo.Many scholars believe that the identity stages of Erickson have a reversed effect for the opposite sex since intimacy come first before identity (Santrock, 1998). Whereas females strive for relationships and emotional bonds men strive for autonomy and achievement (Santrock, 1998).Achievement of Autonomy and AttachmentAdolescents attain autonomy and gain control over their behavior through relevant reactions to adolescent’s desire for control. It is believed that if adolescents have secure attachments to their parents then they will also have high chances of effective social competence and well-being; moreover this manifests itself through sel f-esteem, emotional adjustment and physical health (Santrock, 1998).Therefore, families that subject their children to rejection do a lot of harm to their identity development. It is also important that parents avail themselves to their adolescent children to strength their bonds with them.In most cases, parents complain that their children begin being noncompliant at their adolescent stage. This is the time when adolescents resist their parents’ instructions and standards (Santrock, 1998).   It is actually said that conflict with parents heightens at the age when the children become adolescents (Santrock, 1998).A greater part of such conflicts take place in the day-to-day events of family life although it does not involve serious conflicts posed by drugs or delinquency. It is also believed that these conflicts have a positive implication on the development of the adolescent from being dependent to becoming self-reliant (Santrock, 1998).In order for parents to facilitate a competent development of their adolescent sons and daughters they should establish in them a deep sense of warmth and mutual respect and also show interest in their lives (Santrock, 1998).They should also take into consideration their cognitive and socioemotional development. Parents should have democratic and constructive ways of dealing with crisis.Re-Evaluation of Self PortraitEarlier long this study provided an analysis of the boy who underwent a lot of resentment due to pressures he got from his parents and teachers as well. This study believes that up to this point the reader can now say that, indeed, the boy was justified in his actions.It can be said that it was a violation of rights since the boy was striving for self identity and fulfillment as required in adolescent stage. It is therefore very unfair for an adolescent to be subjected to situations that hinder him to move towards this end.Looking at what adolescent stage really is the boy must have gone through serious cri sis, specifically, it must have been role confusion kind of a crisis. This can be argued from Erickson’s socioemotional stages which he articulates very well. In fact, the case of the boy serves as an empirical justification to the theoretical aspect of this study, as in, all that has been reviewed is well supported by the situation of this boy.Looking at his parents and especially how they handled him it is evident that they contributed to his role confusion. Their instructions and stiff standards did the boy no good but harm. As can be seen, they had a responsibility to affirm his identity development at all costs. It is never too late; they can still make amends so that the boy can get to his next stage of life with resolved conflict.ConclusionIt is no doubt that this study has taken into account every aspect of adolescence that would leave the reader with quality information needed. However, it still believes that there is a lot to be studied in the future. It can be seen that adolescence stage is the most critical stage of life due to its crises here and there.It has illustrated an empirical investigation of a boy who underwent serious socioemotional issues that did no good to his identity development. The worse of it is that his parents worsened his crave for self identity.From the self-portrait this study identified five socioemotional issues namely: anger, frustration, low self-esteem, inferiority and antipathy. This study has also defined adolescence stage as the period when a person develops physically and psychologically from the onset of puberty to maturity. Different theories have bee analyzed especially that of Erickson and his psycho-social development stages.This study has also indicated that the primary unit charged with facilitation of adolescence identity development is none else other than the family. In actual fact, families have a big role to play. How this study hopes that it lands on every parents’ desk so that they might read some good staff in it. ReferencesAmerican Association of University Women. (1991). Shortchanging girls, shortchangingAmerica. Washington, DCCovey, S. (2002). First Things First: To live, to love, to learn, to leave a legacy. NewYork: Simon & Schuster.Dale, M. (2000). Body and self: An exploration of Adolescent development. New York:Jason Aronson.Erikson, E. (2009). Childhood and society. New York: Norton, Revised EditionHuitt, W. (1999). Educational Psychology. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State UniversitySantrock, (1998). Child Development. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Teodoro, J. The Impact of Family on Identity Development. Journal of Psychology, vol.Woolfolk & McCune-Nicolich. (1984). Educational psychology for teachers. (2nd Ed.).

What Makes An Individual A Murderer - 1112 Words

Seyam Omery Throughout history, researchers around the world wondered about the topic of serial murderers, primarily because they couldn’t understand why an individual would be willing to take not only one life, but multiple. Many sociologists and criminologists devoted their professional lives to find answers to this question: what makes an individual a murderer? Here this paper would discuss about Jeffery Dahmer’s case. Jaeffery Dahmer was a serial killer who also ate the victim’s body, he was arrested and he was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms, later on he was attacked and killed in a Wisconsin prison. as results of the hard work we came to an idea that all criminals fit under the category of classical school of criminology. The Classical School of Criminology was developed by Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Baccaria. Bentham was an English philosopher who focused on utilitarianism, he lived through 1748 to 1832. As a believer of utilitarianism, he stated â€Å"that peo ple have a right to happiness and as a result should lead happy lives.† (Beccaria, 2016) This philosophy set the rules to help deter punishment and create punishment that is appropriate to the crime committed. This is the beginning of the Classical School of Thought. Beccaria was an Italian philosopher and attorney of law who lived between 1798 and 1894. Bentham and Baccaria were focused on crime and punishment throughout 18th century in Europe. During this era Europeans utilized capital punishment inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Film Silence of the Lambs1358 Words   |  5 Pagesadapts crimes committed by serial murderers, and the murderers themselves, is The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Through a combination of criminology, psychology, and sociology, The Silence of the Lambs is able to not only inform audiences of the dangerous types of people that currently inhabit society, but also of the individuals who study serial murderers with the intent of apprehending them before they commit any more crimes and to help identify these murderers victims. One of the disciplinesRead MoreKant s Categorical Imperative Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesImperative, 2012). Kant recognized 2 kinds of moral ‘imperatives’, a hypothetical imperative (what must be done to achieve a desired result) and Categorical imperatives (how one must act irrespective of one’s end goal/desires). For Kant, all moral duties were considered to be categorical, and should apply to everyone universally. Kant believes that truthfulness is the formal duty of everyone, regardless of what disadvantage it may cause to yourself or another (Kant, 1994). He illustrates this quite wellRead MoreThe Is The Scientific Study Of Mental Disorders Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesPsychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders. A psychopath is a person suffering from a chronic mental disorder with violent social behavior. Psychopaths lack conscience and feelings for others. They are aware of what they are doing, however they continue take and do what they want, with no trace of guilt. They demonstrate power over others to cover for their feeling of inadequacy. Psychopaths are selfish, impulsive, aggressive, loveless, and remorseless. They can appear charming, but areRead MoreThe Classical Conception Of Lex Talionis957 Words   |  4 Pagesmurder with death would demonstrate the idea of lex taliones. Reiman explains that the death penalty constitutes just punishment for some murders because murder is defined as â€Å"the killing of a legally innocent person by a nonauthorized individual† (White, 221). This makes murder a crime and to counter this crime, substantial punishments must be enforced. The basis for determining those punishments would result from a thorough analysis of lex taliones. Reiman supports the idea of lex taliones by comparingRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not Morally Ambiguous1293 Words   |  6 Pagespotential murderers are being deterred, victims protected, and justice served. Many may argue that a death sentence does not deter more murderers than a sentence of life imprisonment. There is no way to measure this exactly. The root of what deters and what does not would lie with each individual. Some people may fear having to live by someone else’s schedule day in and day out and a complete loss of freedom more than they fear death. They may view death as an easy escape. These individuals would notRead MoreKant s Categorical Imperative Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesImperative, and show how he used it to justify why it is wrong to lie to an inquiring murderer. I will note how he arrived at this conclusion, and why I consider it to be the correct moral answer. According to Kant, the Categorical Imperative is the supreme law of morality by which a particular rule that an individual takes as a maxim must be accepted by all rational beings. This universal acceptance is what judges an action to be always good, provided that the agent’s impartiality and independenceRead MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers1147 Words   |  5 Pages Dismembering the remains of the corpse he arranged skin, bone, and blood into a thirty-gallon cask of acid dissolving what remained of the young boy. This is the dark mind of Jeffrey Dahmer, he murdered not in hatred, vengeance, or financial enrichment but on pure impulse and lust. Forensic psychoanalysts have picked apart the minds of serial killers to find answers as to what causes them to carry out such perverse acts. Many believe it is impervious for an innocent adolescent to be born with theRead MoreAbolishing the Death Penality743 Words   |  3 Pages140 countries have abolished it. Abolish the death penalty because, first, it costs more for a death penalty than keeping a criminal alive. Second, the death penalty, or killing, is not right. It is morally wrong. Giving the death penalty to murderers makes everyone the same. Lastly, innocent people may be murdered. The capital punishment is expensive. It costs more to sentence a prisoner to death than giving him/her life imprisonment. The capital punishment cases have long and complex process.Read MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1608 Words   |  7 Pagesreality that the Lex Talionis principle is merely a way for one to justify revenge, not seek justice. Immanuel Kant believed in the idea of what is known as the categorical imperative, which is the belief that there is an unconditional moral obligation that applies to all circumstances. Immanuel Kant justifies the â€Å"eye for an eye† theory by saying that one should not make exceptions in their moral beliefs; if one steals, then it is okay for others to do the same, and if one kills, then it is okay for othersRead MoreKoch Body Paragraphs860 Words   |  3 Pagesaddresses common arguments liberals make against the death penalty. According to Koch, â€Å"Life is indeed precious.... had the death penalty been a real possibili ty in the minds of these murderers, they might well have stayed their hand† (3). Koch wants to guide his readers to see that the justice system is failing innocent people whose lives are of tremendous value. He undeniably stirs things up for the strong sided liberal party readers who tend to protect murderers from being executed. However, as someone