The Best AP Human Geography Review Books

The Best AP Human Geography Review Books SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If AP Human Geography is one of your first AP classes, you might be looking for some guidance on what you should study and how you should plan out your time. Even if you're not new to APs, it can be difficult to pin down what's important in this cross-disciplinary course. That's where review books come in handy. This guide will provide a list of the best AP Human Geography books for exam review and advice on how to choose one that fits your needs. What’s in This Guide? In this article, I'll go through the most useful review books for the AP Human Geography exam. Human Geography isa subject that can be a little difficult to grasp, and there are quite a few field-specific terms to memorize.This is also typically one of the first AP classes taken in high school. If that’s your situation, these books will provide much-needed insight into what the test is really like and how you can use smart strategies to earn the most points possible. I’ve categorized these books so that you can choose the one that works best for your personal learning style and time constraints. You'll also findpros, cons, and overall summaries for each of the AP Human Geography books so you can look at their specific qualities and make a more informed decision about which way you want to throw your hard-earned cash! Best Overall Review Book Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam (Princeton Review) Price: $11.39 Pros Two complete practice tests with answer explanations Practice questions accurately replicate the style and format of real exam questions Lists of key terms for each content chapter Great test-taking strategies Good explanations of geographic models Solid content review that covers everything you need to know for the test Cons Not in-depth enough to replicate the textbook content, but too in-depth to read in just a couple of nights Some students feel that the practice test questions are slightly easier than the real exam questions, especially the practice free-response questions No chapter-specific practice questions for topic review Summary This is a reliable review book if you have a month or two to study and are looking for good test-taking strategies.I’d recommend it for most students because of its relatable tone and easy-to-grasp explanations.Just make sure you continue to supplement with additional practice tests and questions from other sources! Best Long-Term Review Book Barron’s AP Human Geographyor Barron's AP Human Geography Plus CD Price: $9.55 by itself, $22.60 with CD Pros: Two full practice exams with answers and explanations in the book Two additional practice tests with automatic scoring and answer explanations if you get it with the CD (four full practice tests total!) Diagnostic test that includes a chart to help you map out your mistakes and see what you actually need to study Good survey of the different types of questions you’ll see on the test and the best way to solve each of them Does a good job of sticking to the content you need to know for the test Glossary of key terms after each chapter Cons: FRQs overestimate the difficulty of the actual exam questions a bit Practice multiple-choice questions are very heavy on basic vocabulary knowledge; there could be more questions that ask you to take your knowledge a bit further Dense with long paragraphs, harder to get through than Princeton Review Summary Overall, people have been happy with this book.Although Barron’s has a reputation for getting way too in-depth, I didn’t see as many complaints in that vein about this book.It covers all the key concepts and terms, and it doesn't go too far beyond the scope of the test.I’d recommend it if you have a few months before the test, and you don’t mind a somewhat drier style of writing.You might also consider getting theBarron’s AP Human Geography Flashcards (for the added price of $10.86) if you want an easy way to test yourself on all the terminology. Best Short-Term Review Book AP Human Geography Crash Course (REA) Price: $9.84 Pros Nice overview of all the geographic models you have to know for the exam Short and sweet review of all topics written in an accessible manner Smart, succinct advice on test-taking strategies Cons Only one practice exam, which isn’t included in the book itself (you have to go to the online REA Study Center - you’ll get an access code if you buy the book) Not enough information to use for self-study during the course itself Summary This is a great book for a quick reviewin the weeks before the test.It's the most directly exam-oriented book of all the options on this list, so it's a smart choice if you just want a straightforward, easy-to-digest guide to essential concepts. Supplemental AP Human GeographyBooks In this section, I'll list a couple more books that I wouldn't consider essential review materials but are still useful for additional practice. These books are not quite as high-quality as the first three. However, if you run out of practice tests or want to see the content presented in a slightly different way, you might consider adding one of them to your repertoire. Kaplan AP Human Geography Price: $14.56 Pros Two full-length practice tests plus a diagnostic test to assess your areas of weakness Strategies from actual AP teachers and students who got 5s on the exam Review questions at the end of each content chapter so you can test yourself topic by topic Easy-to-read format that’s not too wordy or too sparse on content Cons I don’t fully agree with the free-response advice (writing a conclusion for your free response answers on this exam? Not worth your time.) Practice questions are less challenging than the real test questions Summary This book is along the same lines as the Princeton Review and Barron’s, but it's not quite as good.You can use it for additional practice materials and piecemealreview of individual topics,but be wary of the fact that the questions are slightly easier than the ones you’ll see on the AP test. 5 Steps to a 5 AP Human Geography Price: $13.30 Pros Three study plans that you can choose from based on your schedule and learning style Three full practice exams Sets of review questions at the end of each content chapter Answer explanations that also include explanations of why the other choices are incorrect (lacking in a lot of other review books) Cons Sparse on test-taking tips Content review is not as thorough as it could be Summary This book has nice suggestions for planning out your prep schedule.However, you should supplement it with another, more comprehensive, review book to ensure that you’re revisiting all the content that might show up on the test. Which AP Human Geography Book Should You Get? This depends on how much time you have before the test and what your style of learning is like.I’d recommend getting one of the first three books to start. If you want a quick overview of the material to use as a little boost on top of your class notes and textbook (or if you only have a couple of weeks before the test), then go for Crash Course.If you want an in-depth, mostly standalone resource for longer term self-study, you should go for Barron’s.If you have a month or two before the test and are just looking for a standard solid review book, stick with Princeton Review.Then, if you feel you need more practice materials or would like to see the content presented slightly differently, you can think about buying one of the supplemental books! What's Next? Before you get to work earning points, you should know where they come from!Find out exactly how AP exams are scored. What will you get out of a high score on the AP exam? Read this article to learn how AP credit works at colleges. If you're still working on planning out the rest of your high school schedule, take a look at this article for some advice on which AP classes you should take in the upcoming years. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg Heuneburg refers to an Iron Age hillfort, an elite residence (called Fà ¼rstensitz or princely residence) located on a steep hill overlooking the Danube River in southern Germany. The site includes an area of 3.3 hectares (~8 acres) within its fortifications; and, according to the latest research, at least 100 ha (~247 ac) of additional and separately fortified settlement surrounds the hill. Based on this latest research, Heuneburg, and its surrounding community  was an important and early urban center, one of the first north of the Alps. Alternate Spellings: Heuneberg Common Misspellings: Heuenburg History of Heuneburg Stratigraphic excavation at Heuneburg hillfort identified eight main occupations and 23 construction phases, between the Middle Bronze Age and Medieval periods. The earliest settlement at the site occurred in the Middle Bronze Age, and Heuneburg was first fortified in the 16th century BC and again in the 13th century BC. It was abandoned during the Late Bronze Age. During the Hallstatt Early Iron Age period, ~600 BC, Heuneburg was reoccupied and extensively modified, with 14 identified structural phases and 10 phases of fortification. Iron Age construction at the hillfort includes a stone foundation about 3 meters (10 feet) wide and .5-1 m (1.5-3 ft) high. Atop the foundation was a wall of dried-mud (adobe) brick, reaching to about a total height of 4 m (~13 ft). The mud-brick wall suggested to scholars that at least some sort of interaction took place between the elites of Heueneburg and the Mediterranean, illustrated both by the adobe wallmud brick is strictly a Mediterranean invention and was not previously used in central Europeand the presence of approximately 40 Greek Attic sherds at the site, pottery produced some 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) away. About 500 BC, Heuneburg was rebuilt to match Celtic models of hillfort design, with a wooden wall protected by a stone wall. The site was burned and abandoned between 450 and 400 BC, and it remained unoccupied until ~AD 700. Reoccupation of the hilltop by a farmstead beginning AD 1323 caused extensive damage to the later Iron Age settlement. Structures in Heuneburg Houses within the fortification walls of Heuneburg were rectangular timber-framed structures built close together. During the Iron Age, the mudbrick fortification wall was white-washed, making this prominent structure stand out even more: the wall was for both protection and display. Crenelated watchtowers were built and a covered walkway protected the sentries from inclement weather. This construction was fairly evidently built in imitation of classical Greek polis architecture. Cemeteries at Heuneburg during the Iron Age included 11 monumental mounds containing a rich array of grave goods. Workshops in Heuneburg held craftspeople who produced iron, worked bronze, made pottery and carved bone and antler. Also in evidence are craftspeople who processed luxury goods including lignite, amber, coral, gold, and jet. Outside Heuneburgs Walls Recent excavations concentrated on regions outside Heuneburg hillfort have revealed that beginning in the Early Iron Age, the outskirts of Heuneburg became quite dense. This settlement area included Late Hallstatt ditch fortifications dated from the first quarter of the sixth century BC, with a monumental stone gate. Iron Age terracing of the surrounding slopes provided a place for expansion of the settlement area, and by the first half of the sixth century BC, an area of some 100 acres was occupied by closely spaced farmsteads, enclosed by a series of rectangular palisades, housing an estimated population of about 5,000 inhabitants. The suburbs of Heuneburg also included several additional Hallstatt period hillforts, as well as production centers for pottery and artisanal wares such as fibulae and textiles. All of this led scholars back to the Greek historian Herodotus: a polis mentioned by Herodotus and located in the Danube valley ca 600 BC is called Pyrene; scholars have long connected Pyrene with Heuneberg, and the identified remains of such an established settlement with important production and distribution centers and a connection to the Mediterranean is strong support for that. Archaeological Investigations Heuneberg was first excavated in the 1870s  and sustained 25 years of excavations beginning in 1921. Excavations at Hohmichele mound were conducted in 1937-1938. Systematic excavations of the surrounding hilltop plateau were conducted from the 1950s to 1979. Studies since 1990, including field walking, intensive excavations, geomagnetic prospection, and high-resolution airborne LIDAR scans have concentrated on the outlying communities below the hillfort. Artifacts from the excavations are stored at the Heuneburg Museum, who operates a living village where visitors can see the reconstructed buildings. That web page contains information in English (and German, Italian and French) on the latest research. Sources Arafat, K and C Morgan. 1995 Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: Mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations. Chapter 7 in Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies. Edited by Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 108-135 Arnold, B. 2010. Eventful archaeology, the mudbrick wall, and the early Iron Age of southwest Germany. Chapter 6 in Eventful Archaeologies: New approaches to social transformation in the archaeological record, edited by Douglas J. Bolender. Albany: SUNY Press, p 100-114. Arnold B. 2002. A landscape of ancestors: the space and place of death in Iron Age West-Central Europe. In: Silverman H, and Small D, editors. The Space and Place of Death. Arlington: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. p 129-144. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2012. Heuneburg: First city north of the Alps. Current World Archaeology 55:28-34. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2013. Rethinking Early Iron Age urbanisation  in Central Europe: the Heuneburg site and its archaeological environment. Antiquity 87:473-487. Gersbach, Egon. 1996. Heuneburg. P. 275 in Brian Fagan (ed), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Maggetti M, and Galetti G. 1980. Composition of iron age fine ceramics from Chà ¢tillon-s-Glà ¢ne (Kt. Fribourg, Switzerland) and the Heuneburg (Kr. Sigmaringen, West Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 7(1):87-91. Schuppert C, and Dix A. 2009. Reconstructing Former Features of the Cultural Landscape Near Early Celtic Princely Seats in Southern Germany. Social Science Computer Review 27(3):420-436. Wells PS. 2008. Europe, Northern and Western: Iron Age. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1230-1240.

Financial Performance of Morrison Plc Assignment

Financial Performance of Morrison Plc - Assignment Example Return on equity (ROE) provides information regarding how much profit the company has been able to generate in regards to its equity. A high ROE is desirable. Return on assets (ROA) tells an investor how effective a company has been at producing profits from its assets. A high metric is the desired output. The debt to equity ratio measures how much debt a company has with regards to its total equity. A low ratio is a good sign. The current ratio compares the current debt a company has in regards to its current liabilities. The formula is current assets divided by current liabilities. A high ratio is a warning because it’s a sign that the firm is having liquidity problems. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. A positive working capital is the desired output. The quick acid ratio is calculated with the same formula as the current ratio except that in the numerator you must subtract prepaid expenses and inventory. The sales to asse t ratio represent how much revenue a company is generating in regards to its total assets. It is important to understand that in order to perform a complete analysis of the company’s performance utilizing ratio analysis the financial analyst must perform research to obtain information about the industry standard ratio performance. The results of the financial ratio analysis reflect that the performance of the company has declined between 2008 and 2009. The net margin, return on equity and return on assets metrics decreased in 2009. The current ratio went up by 4%. The company has liquidity problems evidence by its negative working capital for both 2008 and 2009. Based on the ratio analysis performed on Morrison Plc for the years 2008 and 2009 the researcher would not invest in the company. Prior to making giving this recommendation, the author would need to compare the 2009 ratio results with the industry standard.

Templeton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Templeton - Essay Example Since God is described as omnipotent and omniscient in most religions, then using science, He won’t be physically detected, measured, and studied. Shermer states that because of this, if we were to encounter such a being then it would be hard to distinguish it from an Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (ETI). Just like we have advanced in science and medicine, over the span of only half a century, then an ETI a few thousand centuries ahead of us would be able to create whole ecosystems and even universes (Templeton). According to Shermer, this is no different than what people might call God. If science were to discover a great being, then it would also be natural and limited by the laws of nature, not something omnipotent. That is why Shermer states that the belief of God can continue with science but the existence of God becomes obsolete. I think Shermer is right in saying that belief can coexist with science. However his views are a bit limiting towards God. Since God is viewed as omnipotent and omniscient then He can’t possibly be measured, detected, and contained, and just because science can’t calculate Him doesn’t mean that His existence becomes obsolete. Just like religions and beliefs, science also has its limitations and contradictions. For example, we can’t truly measure emotions like love and sorrow. However, just because they can’t be measured, doesn’t mean that only their belief is fine and their existence obsolete. Kenneth R. Miller does not believe that science makes God obsolete. According to Miller, science gives us more ways to appreciate and realize the vastness of God and His creation. God doesn’t have to be something that is in darkness and shadows. Why can’t He be the driving force of evolution, biology, and science? Miller states that God is real and instead of limiting Him to the remote regions of our

The Meaning of Human Existence Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Human Existence Essay In both the Metamorphosis and The Stranger the authors focus on the irrationality of the universe and explore the insignificance of human life. Both of the novels main characters, Gregor (from the Metamorphosis) and Meursault (from The Stranger) live lives of silent desperation. In the Metamorphosis Franz Kafka introduces us to Gregor, an ordinary young business man supporting his unappreciative family. The startling element to this novel is that Gregor has just turned into a beetle. The Stranger by Albert Camus tells a story of a very physically different character, named Meursault, yet both books convey similar messages. Gregor and Meursault start out unaware of their circumstances however throughout each of the novels they become more aware and learn to accept their fate. The Metamorphosis begins where your typical story is at its climax; we have no idea how or why Gregor has made this physical transformation to a beetle. This is the principal expression of the irrationality that exists in the novel. Gregor resists this situation for which he has had no control over nor can he change. It is an unfortunate irony that Gregor cannot accept the fact that he is no longer a human, this is seen on page five when he says, In fact, Gregor felt fine, with the exception of his drowsiness, which was really unnecessary after sleeping so late How can this man wake up one morning, look into the mirror and see a giant bug staring back at him, and then carry on with his day as usual? This brings up a serious issue; Gregor wakes up and his only thought is of getting to work, there is nothing that is going to stop him from getting there, even waking up as a giant vermin. Throughout the novel Kafka presents us with a man obsessed with his profession, in search of his parents approval, jus t as many of us live day in and day out. Meursault does not face the same physical obstacles as Gregor but is similar in that he possesses neither rational thought nor lives in a rational world. He exists solely as a physical being, there is no thought or emotions put into his choices. When Meursault is hungry he eats, when he is tired he sleeps, when he needs a woman he goes to his girlfriend. This desire for physical relief is presented multiple times throughout the novel: I ate almost everything. She left at one oclock and I slept awhile. (Page 36) Meursault does not display any emotion or rationale; he doesnt stop question anything, just accepts life as it is and carries on. Meursaults predicament stems from his choice to shoot and kill an Algerian man. During his trial the prosecuting attorney questions Meursaults morality because he did not grieve appropriately for his mothers death. When he faces the attorneys interrogation he answers each question telling the truth and doesnt try to skew things. Meursault didnt mean to maliciously go out and kill the Arab man, he simply allows himself to fall into these immoral situations because of his lack of thought and consideration. The attorney is playing his game and attempts to fabricate a rational reason for his behavior, but in reality Meursault was simply irrational. Camus uses this situation to comment on the way that we try to rationalize every situation that we are faced with, but sometimes things happen without a reason. Camus takes a perspective similar to the scientific viewpoint, that as humans we do not know anything for certain except that we will die. We are born, live out our lives, repopulate and then die to be forgotten forever, but I dont think that this is how Kafka feels we are meant to function. In his novel family has more of a presence, Gregors family does not love him because of his character, but rather because he provides them with a comfortable lifestyle. He lives the busy working mans life because he has to if he is to receive any respect from his family. As humans we need to be loved and as the provider of his family this is the closest that Gregor gets. Gregor feels the responsibilities of being concerned for everyone but himself which is shown by this quote, So, to spare her even (his) sight, one day he carried the sheet on his back to the couch and arranged it in such a way that he was now completely covered up. He is willing to cover himself up so as that he doesnt upset his mother with h is appearance. There is something very wrong with this scenario; Kafka uses this extreme example not to tell us how to live our lives, but to simply show us that this is how we should not live. Family plays a very different role in Camus novel. All of Meursaults family is gone; his mother has just died so her expectations of him are non- existent. Albert Camus uses his mother, Maman, as a tool to tell us of the lack of importance that human life has. On page three Meursault says, Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. His mother was elderly, and he decided to place her in a retirement home because she had become an inconvenience to him; she had stopped talking not to mention the trouble of getting (her) to the bus, buying tickets, and spending two hours travelling. (Page 5) To Meursault there is no one person that he truly cares for besides himself, he even feels indifferent towards his girlfriend. Camus uses. Meursault symbolizes everyone in todays world, and uses this situation as a way of commenting on how our life is. Again, just as Kafka, Camus is not attempting to tell us that our lives are meaningless, but that this is how we are treating ourselves. We ne ed to make a cha nge to recognize that human existence is of greater importance than we give it credit. As both of the novels move along Gregor and Meursault slowly decay until their death. Both characters make a transformation or come to a realization. As the novel progresses Gregor moves away from his human tendencies and becomes more and more insect like, accepting and even embracing his insect qualities. The symbols for this are the references to his head, for example on page 22 He could not raise his head anymore. It is at this point that we can tell that Gregor has lost some kind of connection to humanity. This representation is repeated multiple times throughout the novel, each time the situation Gregor less and less resembles a human until he finally dies and is swept out with the trash. Meursault too comes to accept his situation and his fate as he awaits his execution with no optimism, yet content and at peace with himself because he is no longer a stranger. Our lives are indeed meaningless to a certain degree, we are on earth to perform our function and then die. Even the most distinguished of our generation will one day be forgotten as just another person trying to make their mark on the world, so why do we live our lives in search of control and the ability to make rational decisions. We live in an irrational world where the only thing we know for sure is that we will one day die. This was not quite what every person expects to hear as an answer to the meaning in life, but life becomes meaningful only because we perceive it to have a purpose. Reflect on your own life. Do not live from moment to moment without questioning who you are as it is better to live forty years of knowing who you are and what you are doing with your life than live 100 years without a thought of anyone else, because life is only what we make of it.

Create a Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technology Technological Essays

Create a Writing Technology I never thought about writing something down with a pen on plain lined paper involved technology. It always seemed to me that those things were around, pen and paper had just been there, for one reason or another for the purpose of writing down things, organizing ideas, or just jotting down notes. Much like Ong says, â€Å"The fact that we do not commonly feel the influence of writing on our thoughts shows that we have interiorized the technology of writing so deeply that without tremendous effort we cannot separate it from ourselves or even recognize its presence and influence. (Tribble and Trubek, 316-317) Creating a writing technology is something that takes a lot of thought. The process, materials, words written down, and the purpose of writing things down although common to modern society, was something that proved daunting to create. When I was assigned to create my own writing technology I thought, â€Å"that’s going to be easy.† It was not easy. When conflicted with this assignment, the first thing I had to think about was â€Å"what am I going to write with?† I decided after what seemed like hours of brainstorm, to settle on a stick for a writing utensil. Next came ink. I first debated on creating my own ink, for this I would have to use things like books, or the Internet. Since books or use of the Internet were not in the spirit of the assignment, I used something else. I had to think what would stick to a surface and create enough of a contrast that someone would be able to read it. I came up with the idea of using some sort of fresh fruit. Frozen fruit, although cheaper, probably wouldn’t have worked well. Blueberries, as expensive as they were, seemed to be the best solution. I mashed the blueberries into a little dish, and then began to write. But then I realized I had nothing to write on. Making paper would have been hard. I can’t write on the ground, cause it wouldn’t be as permanent or portable. I found some bark from firewood that my dad had cut up. I grabbed the biggest chunk and began to write using my own creation.

GSP

Previous report have shown that following an SE, reactive astrocytes become hypertrophic (increasing the expression of intermediate filament proteins), and develop longer and thicker processes (Robel et al., 2015), In this study, astrocytic reaction observed in the GSP or DZP treated CSE is moderate (Plate 4.13.5b), due to the fairly stabled morphology. This could probably be linked to a reduced excitotoxicity or attenuated ROS by GSP or DZP within the hippocampus attributable to GSP treatment especially. It therefore becomes a suggestive evidence from this study that astrocytic reaction in CSE treated with either GSP or DZP is an adaptive type of astriogliosis (a defensive reaction aiming to restore homeostasis). The functional and morphologic changes astrocytes undergo in the GSP or DZP brain and during CSE may have a dual nature based on the underlying pathophysiological characteristics. On the one hand, reactive astrogliosis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following damage to the nervous system and lead to the reduction in excitability (Vargas-SÃ ¡nchez et al., 2018). In this study, there was intensification of astrocytic proliferative in the CSE + NS at 7th day post CSE. This is in consonant with the findings of Gibbons et al. (2013) that in early stages of SE there is no marked intensification in astrocytic proliferation, while at later stages, there is a rapid increase in the number of astrocytes. Although astrocytes have the capacity to proliferate just after an SE, the reported small number of new cells suggest that in models of SE reactive astrocytes are comprised mainly of the resident astrocytes present before the insult (Gibbons et al., 2013). Conclusion The major consequential effects of CSE is on higher order behaviour, most especially on indices of learning and memory which is mainly controlled by the hippocampus. These effects of CSE stemmed from reduction in percentage body weight gain, attenuation in the relative hippocampal weight to the brain, decreased spatial and object recognition memory. However, memory impairment observed in this study was attributed to alteration in the cholinergic neurotransmitters, increased excitotoxicity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance which led to exacerbation of oxidative stress of the hippocampus, hippocampal atrophy and necrosis, astriogliosis, and generation of abnormal granule cells in the hillus of the dentate gyrus, All these dysfunction were significantly attenuated by GSP treatment, the effect that was better tolerated than that of a conventional anticonvulsant drug- DZP. It is therefore concluded that GSP can be used is a better agent in the treatment of CSE due to its attenuation in memory impairment and insignificant adverse effects. Recommendation The principal goal of CSE treatment is the termination of seizure with little or no attendant on-toward side effects. It is evident from this study that apart from the fact that GSP (20 mg/kg or 10mg/kg) attenuated hippocampal excitotoxicity and astriogliosis following CSE, it also posed no significant side effects on the indices of learning and memory. This study therefore recommends further experimental research on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities of GSP.